Rabi Isma’il V. The State (2011) LLJR-SC

Rabi Isma’il V. The State (2011)

LAWGLOBAL HUB Lead Judgment Report

F. TABAI, J.S.C

The Appellant was tried at the Kano Judicial Division of the High Court of Kano State on a one count charge which reads as follows:

“That you Rabi Isma’il on or about the 25th December, 2002 at Rurum dam along Tiga Road did commit culpable homicide punishable with death, in that, you caused the death of one Auwalu Ibrahim (Alias Zazu) by doing an act to writ drugging him by means of giving him a doped Eclairs sweet as a result of which the deceased lost consciousness and you later pushed him into the dam with the knowledge that death will be the probable consequence of your act and you thereby committed an offence punishable under section 221(8) of the penal code.”

The actual trial commenced on the 18th of November, 2003, when a fresh charge was substituted for the old one and the plea of the accused taken.

The prosecution called a total of 9 witnesses. The Appellant alone testified in self defence. In its judgment at the end of the trial, the Appellant was found guilty as charged and convicted. She was sentenced to death. This was by its judgment on the 5th of December, 2004.

The Appellant was not satisfied with said judgment and proceeded on appeal to the court below. In its unanimous judgment on the 3rd of March, 2008, the judgment of the trial court was affirmed and the appeal was dismissed.

The Appellant was not satisfied with that decision and has come on further appeal to this court. On behalf of the parties, briefs of argument have been filed and exchanged. The Appellant’s Brief was prepared by Tawo E. Tawo and it was filed on the 11th of February, 2011. He also prepared Appellant’s Reply Brief which was filed on the 22nd of April, 2010. The Respondent’s brief was prepared by Aliyu Umar, Learned Attorney-General of Kano State. It was filed on the 30th of March, 2011.

On the 12th of May, 2011 when this appeal was heard, learned counsel for the parties adopted their arguments contained in their respective briefs.

In the Appellant’s brief; Mr. Tawo proposed four issues for determination and which he formulated as follows:-

“1. Whether the Court of Appeal was right in affirming the conviction of the Appellant when the alleged cause of death of the deceased by the Appellant was not established.

2. Whether the lower court was right when in spite of the rejection of Exhibits 1 and 7, the purported confessional statements of the Appellant by the trial court for inherent contradictions; it still relied on same to convict the Appellant.
3. Whether the material contradictions in the evidence of the prosecution witnesses ought to have been resolved in favour of the Appellant; and
4. Whether from the totality of the evidence adduced the prosecution proved it case against the Appellant beyond reasonable doubt”.

In the respondent’s brief, Aliyu Umar, the learned Attorney-General Kano State formulated only two issues as follows:

1. Whether the lower court only relied on the oral confession of the Appellant in affirming the conviction of the Appellant.
2. Whether from the totality of the evidence adduced at the trial, the lower court is right in holding that the prosecution had proved its case against the Appellant beyond reasonable doubt.”

I have examined the issues as formulated and it is my view that the Appellant’s 1st and 4th issues and the Respondent’s second are one and the same and the determination of those issues effectively decides the appeal. Under the said all pervading issues every other issue can very well be considered. I shall however restate the substance of the arguments of counsel as they are set out in their respective briefs.

With respect to the Appellant’s first issue of whether the cause of death of the deceased by the Appellant was established, learned counsel Mr. Tawo E. Tawo referred to the reasoning and findings of the trial court at page 181 of the record relying on the evidence of the PW6, the affirmation of the findings by the Court below at page 308 of the record relying on the evidence of the PW1, PW6, PW7 and PW8 and the doctrine of last seen at page 324-325 of the record and submitted that both courts were wrong in their evaluation of the evidence. He contended that the doctrine of last seen was wrongly applied to the circumstances of this case. In support of these submissions, leaned counsel relied on GODWIN IGABELE V. THE STATE (2006) 6 NWLR (part 975) 100 at 121 BASSEY AKPAN ARCHIBONG V. THE STATE (2006) 14 NWLR (part 1000) 349 and NWAEZE V. THE STATE (19960 2 NWLR (part 428) 1. Learned counsel referred to the finding of the trial court at page 183 of the record to the effect that the death of the deceased was drowning, and contended that drowning could have been accidental and that there is no evidence whatsoever that the drowning was caused by anybody, let alone the Appellant.

Learned counsel pointed out from the evidence of the Pw6 that after the alleged first pushing of the deceased into the water, he was still alive. He referred to the evidence of the pw6 who said that on their return to the Dam, he ran away abandoning the deceased and the Appellant and contended that the pw6 did not actually see what caused the drowning. It was his submission therefore that the evidence available is merely that of suspicion which cannot ground a conviction. He relied on PATRICK IBENEME V. STATE (2003) FWLR (part 170) 1447 at 1457. The decision of the court below was perverse, learned counsel argued.

On the Appellant’s second issue, learned counsel referred to the judgment of the trial court at pages 182 and 183 and contended that the passage amounted to a rejection of the purported confessional Statement of the Appellant in Exhibits 1 and 7. He referred to the judgment of the lower court at page 309 of the record which he contended affirmed the rejection of the said confessional statements. He submitted therefore that it was wrong for the court below to rely on the self same confessional statements to affirm the conviction.

It was counsel’s further submission that the so called confessional statements ought not to have been admitted same having been retracted by the Appellant. By its findings on the confessional statements counsel argued, the court below substituted its own views for those of the trial court.

With respect to the third issue of whether there were material contradictions in the evidence of the prosecution which ought to have been resolved in favour of the Appellant, learned counsel argued that the evidence of the PW6 on which the trial court relied heavily contained material contradictions. According to counsel, the said evidence of the PW6 also contradicted that of the PW2 as to whether he (PW6) left the deceased and the Appellant at the Rock Castle Hotel Tiga or at the Tiga Dam and that there was no explanation for the contradiction. According to counsel, if the Taxi driver PW6 lied about where he left the deceased and the appellant he would also have lied about other aspects of the case and argued that the evidence of the PW6 is manifestly unreliable and ought not to have been relied upon for the Appellant’s conviction.

Still on contradictions, learned counsel argued that the evidence of the PW1, PW2, PW6 and PW7 were contradictory regarding exhibits 2 and 3 and that the two courts below were wrong to rely on same to support the Appellant’s motive for the alleged offence. On the effect of material contradictions, learned counsel cited PATRICK IKEMSON & 2 OTHERS V. THE STATE (1989) 3 NWLR (part 110) 455 at 466. Learned counsel argued that instead of commenting on the unexplained material contradictions, both courts below ignored them to justify the Appellant’s conviction. On the duty of the court to advert its mind to unexplained material contradictions, learned counsel cited NWACHUKWU V. THE STATE (supra) STATE V. AZEEZ (2008) ALL FWLR (part 424) 1423; IFEANYI CHUKWU V. THE STATE (1996) 7 NWLR (part 463) 686 at 701; ADEBAYO V. IGHODALO (1996) 5 NWLR (part 450) 509 and KALU V. THE STATE (1988) 4 NWLR (part 90) 503.

As regards the Appellant’s fourth issue of whether from the totality of the evidence, the prosecution proved its case against the Appellant beyond reasonable doubt, learned counsel referred to the findings and conclusions of the trial court at page 183 of the record and submitted that to secure a conviction under Section 221 (b) at the Penal Code, the prosecution had a duty to prove all the three ingredients of (a) death of the deceased, (b) that the death was caused by the accused; and (c) that the act or omission of the accused that caused the death was intentional and with knowledge that death or grievous bodily harm was a probable result. It was contended that while the first ingredient of death of the deceased may have been proved the second and third ingredients have not been proved. With respect to the second ingredient of whether it was the Appellant that caused the drowning of the deceased, it was submitted that the evidence to sustain a conviction must be cogent complete unequivocal and lead to only one conclusion. He cited again ARCHIBONG V. STATE (supra) NWAEZE V. STATE (supra).

Learned counsel referred to the evidence in-chief the Appellant at page 71 of the record and that under cross-examination at page 74 of the record and contended that the defence of alibi is raised therein and which ought to have been investigated. He submitted that the failure to investigate the alibi is fatal to the prosecution’s case. It was counsel’s further submission that the court was obliged to avail an accused person of a defence whether or not it was specifically raised. Reliance was placed on EBERE v. THE STATE (2001) 12 NWLR (part 728) 617; DICKSON MOSES V. THE STATE (2003) FWLR (Part 141) 1909. He described the PW6 and PW7 as tainted witnesses who tried to exonerate themselves from complicity and deliberately distorted facts.

The substance of the arguments of Aliyu Umar, learned Attorney-General of Kano State run as follows:-

With respect to the Respondent’s first issue, he referred to portions of the judgment of both the trial court and the court below and part of the evidence of the pw8 and submitted that neither of the two courts used exhibits 1 and 7 as the only reason for finding the appellant guilty. The facts of the prosecution’s case, he contended, were such that needed no corroboration. The findings of the trial court were not proved by the Appellant to be perverse and the court below was right not to interfere with same, he argued. In the circumstances, he urged that this court should also not interfere with the concurrent findings of the two courts below. He relied on RAUPH BELLO OSENI & ORS V. BAJULU (2009) 12 SCNJ 74 at 85. He contended that the trial court did not reject exhibits 1 and 7 and referred to the relevant portion of the judgment at page 182 of the record. He referred to the evidence of the PW8 and pointed out that his act of recording the statement of the Appellant in his office is distinct from his evidence as to what the Appellant said when they visited the alleged scene of crime. And that, he contended, justified the comments of the court below at pages 309 – 310 of the record.

As regards to the second issue, it was the submission of the learned Attorney-General that based on the entire evidence for the prosecution and the defence, the only conclusion that can be reached is that the deceased drowned and that it was the Appellant that caused the drowning by pushing the deceased into the running water in the Dam. He drew attention to the review of the evidence by both courts below and submitted that the Appellant failed to establish any doubt in the case to be resolved in her favour. He relied on OTEKI V. A. G. BENDEL STATE (1986) 2 NWLR (part 24) 648 and EDET EFFIONG EKPE V. THE STATE (1994) 9 NWLR (part 368) 263.

The learned Attorney-General pointed out what he considered to be material pieces of evidence which learned counsel for the Appellant ignored. He referred to the evidence of the PW6 as to what happened when the Appellant and deceased were having their bath at the Dam, her request for petrol and acid her request to abandon the deceased in the wilderness; her false claim of having forgotten her handbag and what happened on their return to the Dam after their purchase of fuel at Rurum. The learned Attorney-General further argued that the culpability of the Appellant was contained in the evidence of the PW1, and other pieces of evidence. These include the Appellant’s non disclosure of where the deceased was, her false representation to the PW1 that the deceased was not allowed to leave where he was shooting a film by the director and the fact that she sold the deceased’s properties. According to the learned Attorney-General, no person other than the accused caused the death of the deceased.

With respect to whether there were material contradictions, it was the submission of the learned Attorney-General that there were no material contradictions in the case of the prosecution which touched the substance of its case. On proof of the death of the deceased, the learned Attorney-General referred to the recovery of the body in the Dam in the presence of the PW4, PW8 and PW9 and the identification of the body by the Appellant herself. It was his further submission that the PW6 and PW7 were not tainted witnesses as it was not shown that they had any purpose of their own to serve. Reliance was placed on OGUONZEE V. THE STATE (1998) 4 S.C 110 at 133 and OKOSI V. THE STATE (1998) 2 S.C. (part 1) 126 at 142. He finally urged that the concurrent findings of the two courts below be affirmed.

In the Appellant’s Reply Brief, Tawo E. Tawo learned counsel for the Appellant insisted that the purported confessional statement in Exhibits 1 and 7 were rejected by the trial court at page 182 of the record. He referred to the evidence of the PW8 under cross-examination to the effect that the distance between the point of bath and the point where the Appellant allegedly pushed the deceased into the water was about 2 kilometres and argued that going by the state of near unconsciousness of the deceased and having regard to his size as against that of the Appellant, it was impossible for the Appellant to have carried or dragged the deceased for a distance of about 2 kilometres.

On the Appellant’s second issue, learned counsel argued that even if drowning was proved, the evidence stopped short of who caused the drowning of the deceased. He argued that there are many unanswered questions and that the evidence is that of mere suspicion which cannot ground the Appellant’s conviction. He urged finally that the appeal be allowed.

I have considered the totality of the evidence before the court, the judgments of the two courts below and the address of counsel in their respective briefs of arguments. I would like to reiterate the principle canvassed by the Appellant counsel that to secure a conviction for culpable homicide under section 221 (b) of the penal code the prosecution must prove:-

(a) That the decease has died;

(b)That the death of the deceased was caused by the accused; and

(c) That the act or mission of the accused which caused the death of the deceased was intentional with knowledge that death or previous bodily harm was its probable consequence.

It is settled principle of law that all the three ingredients must be proved beyond reasonable doubt, with respect to the first ingredient of establishing the death of the deceased, the Appellant rightly conceded the death of Auwalu Ibrahim (Alias Zazu). His body was identified by the Pw4 and the Appellant herself. The ingredient of the death of the deceased therefore needed no further proof, same having been firmly established.

The crucial question is whether the death of the deceased was caused by the Appellant The trial court found that it was the Appellant that caused the death of the deceased. The court below affirmed the finding of the trial court. Is there such evidence to justify the finding that necessitates a very careful examination of the entire evidence before the court

The facts are set out in the judgment of the trial court and comprehensibly restated in the judgment of the court below. And for the purpose of rendering my judgment more comprehensible, I would also recapitulate the essential facts of the case in some chronological order, starting with the evidence of the PW6.

The PW6, Ado Muhammed was a Taxi driver. On the 25th of December, 2002 the Appellant hired him at the rate of N250.00 per hour. On the instructions of the Appellant, he took her first to the Farm centre Police Station where the deceased was detained and got his release. They then proceeded to the house of a friend of the deceased and from there to the deceased’s house. The deceased there changed his dress the day being Christmas. On the instructions of the deceased, he took the deceased and the Appellant to the Tiga Dam. There the deceased and the Appellant had their bath. According to the PW6, the deceased appeared at the material time to be drunk and almost unconscious. He was described to be in a state of stupor. While they were bathing, the Appellant twice pushed the deceased into the water. At a stage the deceased complained of cold and was shivering. The Appellant prepared fire to warm him. During this first visit, the Appellant asked for battery acid and petrol from him but he refused to give her. She also suggested that the deceased be left behind but he became apprehensive and refused.

Later, the appellant instructed that they be taken back to Kano. He started their journey back to Kano. The deceased was still in the near unconscious state and lay at the back seat while the Appellant was at the front with him. He stopped somewhere along the road and bought petrol. After that the Appellant directed that they be taken back to the Dam site her reason being that she had forgotten her hand bag. He therefore returned to the place as directed. At the site instead of the Appellant to go in search of the hand bag which she claimed to have forgotten, she insisted that the deceased also alighted from his Taxi cab. She thus aided him to alight from the car. At this stage, he turned and drove away leaving behind the Appellant and the diseased.

In Kano while in the course of cleaning the car he saw the Appellant’s hand bag which she claimed to have forgotten at the Dam site.

On the 26th of December, 2002 at about 7:00 am accompanied by some of his colleagues, he went to the house of the deceased so as to return the Appellant’s hand bag and also to collect the money for the hire of his services on the 25th of December, 2002. The Appellant also went there on a motorcycle. He handed over her hand bag to her and she took same after she checked and was satisfied that the contents were intact.

The contents included the deceased’s Nokia hand set. He then demand for the N2, 000.00 representing the total for the hire of his services the previous day. The Appellant replied that he should wait Auwalu (the deceased) to collect the money. He then insisted on the Appellant taking him to Auwalu where he was for him to collect his money. Instead of taking him to Auwalu (deceased), the Appellant took him to a house along Dam Kura Road, off Zoo Road, from where she gave him the N2, 000.00.

Still on the facts of the 25/12/2002 and the 26/12/2002, the testimony of the PW1 is also very material. The PW1, Umma Ibrahim, described herself as a sister of the deceased and lived with him in his house. According to her, the deceased left the house on the 24/12/2002 and never came back until the 25th of December, 2002 when he returned to the house. He never told her where he spent the night. He took his bath and dressed up wearing a brown shirt and a pair of black trousers which he occasionally wore. He said he was going out and that he would be back. He left and never came back.

On the 26th December, 2002 in the early hours, the Appellant came to the deceased’s house accompanied by a man whom she described as the Taxi driver whose services the deceased hired. She told the Appellant and the said Taxi driver that Auwalu (deceased) did not sleep in the house. Later that same day, the Appellant came to the deceased’s house having in her possession his I. D. Card, his vehicle particulars and the key to his room. She (Appellant) represented to her that she had been sent by Auwalu (deceased) to bring his video C.D and Television set. She believed the Appellant because of the I. D. Card, vehicle particulars and the room key of the deceased in her possession and handed over the video C.D. and Television set to her. Later on that same day, the Appellant came back to her to request for the release of the deceased’s C.D recorder. This time she (PW1) refused and insisted that she would like to accompany her to where the deceased was. The Appellant pleaded with her to be patient and that she would secure the release of the deceased from the film director.

The PW7, Yahaya Usman was the person to whom the Appellant sold the deceased’s Fuji VCD for N4, 000.00 and the Sony T.V. set for N8, 000.00. And still with respect to the properties of the deceased, the PW5 Police Constable Isyaku Isah testified to the effect that the Appellant led them to one Halima to whom the Appellant had pledge the deceased’s Nokia hand set. And according to the PW8, the Appellant described the deceased as wearing a pair trousers without under pant and that when the corpse was recovered it was with the trousers without under pant as described by the Appellant.

The above is the synopsis of the case for the prosecution.

The substance of the evidence of the Appellant is as follows:

She admitted going to the house of the deceased on the 26th December, 2002 and she met the PW1 who was preparing breakfast. According to her, she went there alone and never met the Taxi driver (PW6) there. On the 25/12/2002 she went to the Police Station to deliver food to Auwalu (deceased) who was detained there. She met Auwalu setting on a car outside with somebody whom she later identified as the PW2. She also admitted removing the deceased’s T.V. set video and C.D on the 25/12/2002 but that she did so on the directives of Auwalu the deceased. She admitted that she engaged the services of the Taxi driver. The driver took her and the deceased first to the mechanic and from there he took them to Auwalu’s residence where he changed his dress the day being Christmas day. They went first to Tiga Rock castle Hotel. The driver later took them to the Tiga Dam with the direction of some Fulani men. She admitted that the deceased had his bath but she refused to join him in swimming in the water. She denied pushing Auwalu into the water as he was swimming. She said she was in the picture pointing at the corpse because she was forced to be photographed in that position. She said the corpse was not that of Auwalu. After Auwalu had his bath they ate and at about 6:00 pm they commenced driving back home.

She admitted the evidence of the PW6 about fire set up but said it was the deceased that made the fire. She denied ever requesting for battery acid and petrol from the Taxi driver. She admitted their going back to the place for the second time but said that it was at the instance of the deceased who claimed that he had forgotten his bunch of keys. At the scene while the deceased was searching for the keys she sat in the car. At a stage the driver told her to alight from the car so that he could turn the car. As she alighted from the car, the driver turned the car and drove away.

Having been abandoned in the bush, she and the deceased trekked a long distance before they came across a motorcyclist. They pleaded with him to carry them to the Highway but the cyclist insisted on carrying only one of them. On agreement with the deceased the cyclist carried her to the junction on the Highway. He said he carried her free but refused to go back to carry Auwalu. The people at the road junction stopped a vehicle for her which took her back to Kano.

On the 26th December, 2002 she sighted the driver. She mounted a motorcycle and pursued him. She got him and he (driver) gave her all their properties with which the driver drove away on the 25/12/2002. She paid the driver N2, 250.00 and went to the house of the deceased to deliver all his properties in the car.

According to the Appellant, she was arrested on the 27th of December, 2002 but denied she was being mobbed when she was arrested. On the 28th of December, 2002 on the instructions of the DPO herself the PW2, some Policemen and some relations of the deceased went to the scene but Auwalu was nowhere to be found. According to her, some Fulani men told them that Auwalu slept with a guard in the night and left the following morning.

The above is the gist of the defence of the Appellant as contained in her testimony. As I stated earlier, the two courts below carefully examined the above evidence of the parties including the statements of the Appellant in Exhibits 1, 7 and 8 and found that the Appellant caused the death of the deceased. The question is whether there is such legal and credible evidence justifying the concurrent findings of the two courts below. This is the ultimate question posed in the Appellant’s first and fourth issues and the Respondent’s second issue.

But before resolving the said question, let me examine the Appellant’s issues two and three. The question in Appellant’s issue two is whether the trial court rejected Exhibits 1 and 7 and nevertheless, relied on same to convict the Appellant In its judgment, the trial court reasoned as follows:

“As regards Exhibits 1 and 7 their purport to be confessional. But which is contradictory to each other in that Exhibit 1 shows the accused as having gone back to bring back Auwalu from the wilderness, while in Exhibit 7 the accused is said to have admitted drowning the deceased. The positions in both Exhibits 1 and 7 were jettisoned by the accused in her testimony in court. The result is that her evidence becomes unreliable.”

Learned counsel for the Appellant construed the above to be a rejection of Exhibits 1 and 7. It is my view, with respect, that that construction being urged is misplaced. In the first place Exhibit 1 was, for reasons stated in the trial court’s ruling, admitted in evidence on the 6th of April, 2004. (See pages 40-41 of the record). There was therefore no question of its rejection by the trial court.

There was equally no question of the rejection of Exhibit 7. During the proceedings on the 10th of May, 2004 two statements allegedly made by the Appellant were sought to be tendered in evidence through the PW8. One was dated 6th January, 2003 and the other dated 11th January, 2003. Learned counsel for the accused, Mr. M. O. Ishola reacted as follows:-

“We object to the admission of the statements as it was not made by the accused as the signature of the accused was forced she was also tortured before she signed that’s all” (See page 52 of the record).

Mr. A. A. Umar, learned Attorney-General of Kano State contended that the statements were in the circumstance admissible. The trial court reacted and ruled as follows:-

“In the circumstances since the objection rests on complete denial of the statements, the statements are admissible as the court is left with the duty of assessing the probative value to be attached to it in considering the statement. Consequently, the statements dated 6th January, 2003 and 11th January, 2003 are hereby, admitted in evidence and marked as Exhibits 7 and I respectively.” (See page 52 of the record).

The above opinion shows at the trial court was properly guided by the correct principle of law. By the objection of learned counsel for the accused/Appellant Mr. Ishola which I have reproduced above, the Appellant was saying that she did not make the statement and that she was tortured and forced to sign the statements. In other words, she denies ever making the statements in Exhibits 7 and 8. In such circumstances, the statements were admissible in evidence and were rightly, in my view, so admitted by the trial court. It would be left, at the end of the trial, for the court to determine if she made it and if it so holds, to assess the probative value of the evidence therein. Where however an accused person admits making an extra-judicial statement but goes further to allege that he or she made the statement under duress or any form of inducement or promise it become inadmissible in evidence. It is only in such a situation that a trial-within-trial is conducted to test the voluntariness of the statement and not the truthfulness of the contents therein. See SAIDU V. STATE (1982) 4 S.C 41; OWIE V. STATE (1985) 1 NWLR (part 3) 470; R V. IGWE (1960) SCNLR 158, GODWIN IKPASA v. A-G BENDEL STATE (1981) 9 SC 7 at 28; PELE OGUNYE v. THE STATE (1999) 5 NWLR (part 604) 548 at 570.

With respect to the of the trial court’s judgment reproduced above, I hold that it was not a rejection of Exhibits 7 and 8. Rather the trial court was only trying to say that the statements apart from being contradictory to reach other were also contradicted by the Appellant’s evidence in court.

On the Appellant’s third issue of whether there are such material contradictions in the evidence of the prosecution, the court below in its judgment at page 311 of the record had this to say:-

“It appears to me that the issue of contradictions was not rigorously pursued before the trial court and this Court. In any event, having studied the evidence adduced by the prosecution, I am of the view that there is no contradiction in the evidence of the prosecution witnesses as his attention has not been drawn to any by the Appellant.”

Before this Court however, the issue of contradictions was pursued considerably. In particular, learned counsel referred to the evidence of the PW8 under cross-examination on visit to the loqus where he said:-

“The distance between the point of bath and where the accused pushed the deceased is about 2 kilometers if not more” (See page 59 of the record).

Learned counsel argued that this was a material contradiction. Superficially it looks like a material contradiction. But on a careful examination of the entire evidence of the PW8 and the court’s notes of the visit to the loqus, it is not. Earlier at page 50 of the record the PW8 said:-

“On 9th we booked and went to Hadejia, Jama’are River Basin where the accused showed as where they swam and she pushed the deceased into the river. We searched the Dam and recovered the corpse of the deceased. i.e., about a kilometer away from the point where the deceased was pushed”

This was confirmed by the court’s inspection notes at page 55 of the record where the court noted:

“PW8 shows the court another side of the stream which the accused mentioned to the PW8 as the place the Taxi driver left her and accused (sic) and where she said she pushed the deceased and that from the place the police trekked about a kilometer where the deceased corpse was found.”

It is clear from the general trend of the evidence that it is the place where they had their bath that the accused allegedly pushed the deceased into the water. It is my view therefore that what looks like a material contradiction is nothing more than a misdescription, a discrepancy or even a slip and so I hold. I have also examined each of the other alleged contradictions. It is my view and I hold that there is no material contradiction in the case of the prosecution.

This brings me to the last but fundamental issue of whether from the totality of the evidence the prosecution proved its case against the Appellant beyond reasonable doubt. The PW6 gave detailed accounts of what he saw on their first trip to the Tiga Dam. That account however revealed nothing more that than his suspicion of the Appellant’s ill motives. On their second visit to the Dam, he, for reasons which I have earlier restated, abandoned the Appellant and the deceased there and drove away. He did not therefore see what actually caused the death of the deceased. There is no other eye witness account. The evidence is therefore circumstantial.

The settled principle of law is that an accused person can properly be convicted upon circumstantial evidence only if it is cogent, positive and points unequivocally to him or her as the perpetrator of the offence.

See KALU V. STATE (1993) 6 NWLR (part 300) 385 at 396-398; ESAI V. STATE (1976) 11 SC 39; UKORAH V. STATE (1977) 4 SC 167; OMOGODO V. STATE (1981) 5 SC 5; IBINA V. STATE (1989) 5 NWLR (part 120) 238. In other words, the evidence should eliminate the possibility of some other person also as the perpetrator of the offence. If such a possibility is not eliminated then the evidence admits of more than one conclusion. In such a situation, a doubt or doubts would be created and such doubts must necessarily be resolved in favour of the accused.

Now back to the crucial and decisive question. Does the evidence in this case lead to one and only one conclusion that it was the Appellant that caused the death of Auwalu, the deceased I wish to state, at the risk of repetition, that from the totality of the evidence, the following facts are uncontroverted and/or established.

The Appellant and the deceased had a relationship prior to the 25/12/2002. As at the 25/12/2002 Auwalu, the deceased was detained at the Farm Centre Police Station Kano, for a traffic related offence. Sometime on the 25/12/2002 the Appellant hired the services of the PW6 a Taxi driver, at the rate of N250.00 per hour. She proceed with him first to the Farm Centre Police State and secured the release of the deceased.

On their instruction, the Taxi driver (PW6) took them to the residence of the deceased wherein the deceased had his bath and changed his dress to a pair of black trousers and a brown shirt, the day being Christmas day. On the instructions of the deceased and the Appellant the driver (PW6) took them to the Tiga Dam. At all material times the deceased looked drunk and almost unconscious. The Appellant and the deceased had their bath in the cause of which the Appellant pushed the deceased twice into the water. She also asked for battery acid and petrol from the PW6 but he refused to give her those things. She even suggested that the deceased be abandoned there. He (PW6) became apprehensive of the Appellant’s motives. At a stage the deceased complained of cold and was shivering and in response to which the Appellant prepared fire to warm him.

At a stage, the Appellant instructed that they be taken back to Kano and they got into the vehicle. The deceased who still looked drunk and almost unconscious lay at the back seat while the appellant sat at the front. On their way back to Kano, the Appellant complained that she had forgotten her hand bag at the Tiga Dam spot and instructed that they be taken back there and the driver (PW6) took them back there. She was expected to disembark from the vehicle and go in search of the hand bag she claimed to have forgotten. The deceased himself also requested that she alone went for the hand bug. But the Appellant insisted on the deceased going with her and pursuant thereto she assisted him against his will to alight from the vehicle. As they left the vehicle, the PW6 drove away and back to Kano leaving behind the Appellant and the deceased.

In the course of washing his vehicle, he saw the hand bag of the Appellant under the front seat where she sat.

On the 26th of December in an attempt to return the hand bag to the Appellant and also to collect his car hire amount of N2, 000.00, he drove to the house of the deceased and saw the Appellant also arriving there on a motorcycle. The Appellant received the hand bug, examined the contents and certified that the contents were intact. The contents included the Nokia Telephone hand set of the deceased. When he asked for his money for the hire of the car, the Appellant replied that the deceased would pay. He insisted, on his being taken to the deceased wherever he was so that he could get his money. Instead of taking him to where the deceased was, the Appellant took him to a house along Dan Kura Road, off Zoo Road from where she gave him the sum of N2, 000.00.

Later on that day, the Appellant went back to the house of the deceased having in her possession the deceased’s I. D. Card, his vehicle particulars and the key to his room and falsely represented to his sister PW1, Umma Ibrahim that she had been sent by the deceased to bring his video CD and Television set. On seeing the deceased’s I. D. Card, vehicle particulars and room key with her, the (PW1) was convinced and so handed over the properties to her. Still later on that day, the Appellant went back to the deceased’s house and again falsely represented to the PW1 that she had been sent by the deceased to get the CD recorder. This time, the PW1 refused and insisted that she would like to accompany her to where the deceased was. The Appellant pleaded with the PW1 to be patient, promising that she would secure the release of the deceased from the film director.

The Appellant sold the deceased’s Sony Television Set and the Fuji VCD to the PW7, Yahaya Usman, for N8, 000.00 and N4, 000.00 respectively. She sold or pledged the deceased Nokia, hand set to one Halima for N1, 000.00. She took the deceased’s car stereo and 2 speakers to one Adebayo Abdulkarim. All these were recovered by the Police through the information given by the Appellant.

The above shows clearly that the one and only person who knew the whereabouts of the deceased is the Appellant. Just as she gave the clue that led to the recovery of the deceased’s properties she had sold, she had bounden duty to tell the police where Auwalu (deceased) was. Her first description of the deceased’s whereabouts was in her statement in Exhibit 1 dated 30/12/2002. She said she told one Ibrahim Shuru (Alias Kura) that she left the deceased in the bush. She got there with the said Ibrahim and met the deceased. According to her, the said Ibrahim carried the deceased to PDP house and that the deceased was sleeping in the inner room of the said PDP house. Following this information, the DCP Supol Adekoya and PW5 went to the PDP office and searched every room but Auwalu (deceased) was nowhere to be found.

In her statement to the police Exhibit 7 dated 6th of January, 2003, she stated that when the Taxi driver (PW6) dropped them at the Tiga Dam side and drove away in annoyance, leaving behind herself and her drunk and almost unconscious boy friend, she pushed him into the water. Following this revelation in Exhibit 7, the PW8, PW4, some other relation of the deceased and all led by the Appellant went to the Dam site on the 10th of January, 2003. There the Appellant showed them the spot where she pushed the deceased into the water. They saw coal and other traces of the fire she made on the 25th of December, 2002. From that point, they conducted a search for Auwalu, her boy friend, until they saw his body in an advanced state of decomposition about a kilometre away.

In her evidence in court however, the Appellant told yet another completely different story about the whereabouts of the deceased. She thus gave three different accounts. In view of these conflicting accounts in her statements to the police in Exhibits 1 and 7 and her testimony in court, the trial court disbelieved her evidence and rejected it, describing it as unreliable. This unreliability was the opinion which the trial court was labouring to express in its judgment at page 182 of the record and which learned counsel for the Appellant misconstrued as a rejection of Exhibits 1 and 7. The court below also re-evaluated the evidence and came to the same conclusion as the trial court. And in view of the nature of the Appellant’s compliant about improper evaluation, I also embarked upon a thorough re-appraised of the evidence and I do not see any reason whatsoever to disturb the concurrent findings of the two courts below. I entirely agree with their findings. I hold that the circumstantial evidence reads pointedly and unequivocally to only one conclusion which is the guilt of the Appellant.

It is also trite law that an accused person can be properly convicted on his or her confessional statement alone if it is proved to have made voluntarily and it is positive and amounts unequivocally to his or her admission of guilt. See EGBO GHONOME Vs. STATE (1993) 7 NWLR (part 306) 383 at 411-412; R Vs. KANU (1952) 14 WACA 30; MUMINI Vs. STATE (1975) 6 SC 79; AKPAN Vs. STATE (1992) 6 NWLR (part 248) 439; ONWUMERE Vs. STATE (1991) 4 NWLR (part 186) 428. In my view, the combination of the Appellant’s statements in Exhibits 1 and 7 without more, established such standard of proof strong enough to support the Appellant’s conviction. I agree with Mr. Umar learned Attorney-General of Kano State that having regard to the confessions and/or admissions in Exhibit 1 and 7 corroboration was not strictly required to sustain the Appellant’s conviction. That situation notwithstanding the prosecution still availed the court of several other pieces of evidence that further corroborated the confessions and/or admissions. Such corroborative pieces of evidence include the deceased’s I.D card, his room key and his Nokia hand set all found in the Appellant’s Possession.

In conclusion and having regard to all I have said above, I shall also resolve these issues against the Appellant. I hold that the prosecution established the guilt of the Appellant beyond reasonable doubt. In the final result, I affirm the concurrent decisions of the two courts below and dismiss the appeal for lack of merit.

SC.85/2009