Essien Ibok Essien V. The State (2017)
LAWGLOBAL HUB Lead Judgment Report
MUSA DATTIJO MUHAMMAD, J.S.C.
The appellant was charged, tried and convicted along with one Ekong Akpan Thomas on a lone count of armed robbery contrary to Section 1{2)(a) of the Armed Robbery and Firearms (Special Provision) Act 1990 at the Akwa Ibom State Robbery and Firearms Tribunal, sitting at Ikot Ekpene. The appellant was the 2nd accused at the trial tribunal.
To establish its case, the prosecution called five witnesses, PW1 – PW3, the victims of the criminal conduct of the two accused persons, and PW4 and PW5, police officers, who investigated the case against the appellant and his co-traveller in crime. The prosecution also tendered and relied on ten exhibits, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, G1, G2 and H in fashioning their case. The appellant gave evidence in his defence. He called no other witness. At the end of the trial, the trial tribunal in a considered judgment delivered on 28th May 1999, the 1st accused and the appellant were convicted as charged and sentenced to death.
Dissatisfied with the tribunal’s judgment, the appellant appealed on a single ground vide a notice dated 4th December 2013
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to the Court of Appeal, Calabar Division, hereinafter referred to as the Lower Court, which judgment of 4th December 2014 affirmed appellant’s conviction and sentence by the trial Court. Still aggrieved, the appellant has further appealed to this Court on a notice containing two grounds dated and filed on the 5th January 2015.
In his brief settled by Godwin Omoaka and deemed filed on 30th March 2017, the appellant has distilled a lone issue on the basis of which he requires the appeal to be determined. The issue reads:-
“Given that, in all aspects, the evidence adduced by the prosecution was materially contradictory, was the Court below right in coming to the conclusion that the prosecution discharged the legal burden on it of proving the guilt by the appellant beyond reasonable doubt (Proof beyond reasonable doubt issue),”
The similar issue formulated in the respondent’s brief settled by the Uwemedimo Nwoko Esq the Hon. Attorney General of Akwa Ibom State and deemed filed on 30/3/2011 too reads:-
“whether the Court below was right in affirming the judgment of the trial Court and dismissing the appeal in the evidence on record before the
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Court.”
On the lone issue, learned appellant counsel submits that the trial Court has the duty of ensuring that the prosecution had discharged the burden of proof of the offence against the appellant beyond reasonable doubt. The Lower Court’s finding at page 57 of the record of appeal in affirming the trial Court’s decision that the respondent has established the essential ingredients of the offence against the appellant is not sustainable. The evidence of PW1, PW2 and PW3 on the fact of the occurrence of the armed robbery for which the appellant is convicted, it is submitted, falls short of the standard of proof the law demands. Not only was the armed robbery not reported on the date it took place, it is further submitted, the prosecution has failed to situate the appellant at the scene of the robbery. There is violent discrepancies in the evidence of PW1, PW2 and PW3 as to the date the offence took place making such evidence on the fact unreliable.
Most importantly, learned appellant’s counsel further argues, the state of alertness of the victims of the robbery, PW1, PW2 and PW3 as well as visibility at the scene, submits learned counsel, makes the
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identification of the appellant at the scene suspect. Poor visibility at the vicinity and time of the offence, submits learned counsel, made identification of the appellant impossible. The appellant, it is submitted, was simply pinpointed to the witnesses rather than paraded for them to identify him. Learned counsel relies on the decisions in Effiong v. The State (1998) 8 NWLR (Pt.562) 362 at 372, Basil Akpa v. State (2008) 163 LRCN 186 at 295, Fatai Olayinka v. State (2007) 9 NWLR (Pt.1040) 516.
Lastly, learned appellant’s counsel contends, there is no evidence outside appellant’s purported confessional statement as obtained on his arrest almost four years after the date of the robbery. The law, it is submitted, prescribes that the conviction of the appellant proceeds only where evidence corroborative of the confessional statement is available. In the circumstance, therefore, learned counsel submits, the conviction by the trial Court and its affirmation by the Lower Court cannot persist. The confessional statement of the 1st accused the two Courts relied on against the appellant does not avail the prosecution. A confession, it is contended is only
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relevant against its maker. It does not, it is submitted, bind a co-accused. In any event, Exhibit H, the appellant’s extra-judicial statement is not confessional. Relying inter-alia on R v. Sykes (1913) 8 CAR 233 at 236-237, Dawa V. State (1980) 8-11 SC 246 at 259, Kim V. State (1991) 2 NWLR (Pt.775) 622 at 535, Yesufu V. State (2011) 18 NWLR (127) 8 and Ikpasa v. AG Bendel State (1981) 9 SC 7, learned appellant’s counsel submits that the findings of the two Lower Courts on the guilt of the appellant are perverse. He urges that the lone issue in the appeal be resolved against the respondent and that the appeal be allowed on the further authority of Oguonzee v. State (1998) 4 SC 110 at 124.
In reply, learned respondent’s counsel concedes that by Section 138(1) of the Evidence Act it is bound to establish beyond reasonable doubt that a robbery had taken place and that the appellant while armed participated in the robbery. The evidence on record learned counsel submits, establish all the essential ingredients of the offence for which the appellant was not arrested at the scene of the offence or the discrepancy, if any, as to the date of the robbery, it is
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contended, are not fatal to the prosecution’s case. The case at Akpan V. State (2008) Vol. 163 LRCN 186 at 295 is cited by counsel in support.
The prosecution witnesses, it is submitted, are consistent in their evidence and the discrepancy if any, does not go to the root of their evidence. Appellant’s voluntary confessional statement, exhibit H, it is submitted, clearly confirms the evidence of the prosecution witnesses. The appellant cannot, it is contended, challenge the prosecution’s failure to tender the statements of its witnesses. If the defence has the need for the statements to make out its case, it is for it to seek and tender same. The defence, it is submitted, can neither complain nor blame the respondent. In their evidence, PW1 and PW2, it is submitted, remain very firm that the robbers that came to their house not only pointed a gun at them but also stabbed PW1 with a knife. This evidence, it is urged, establishes the two essential ingredients of armed robbery. Exhibit H, appellant’s confessional statement, it is submitted, further establishes the entire ingredients of the offence against him. There is no evidence stronger that a person’s
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admission of what he did. The identification parade canvassed by the appellant, it is further argued, is unnecessary. The law allows appellant’s conviction on his own admission. It only makes corroborative evidence to the confession desirable and not mandatory. Relying on Agboola v. State (2013) vol. 224 LRCN (Pt.1) 159 at 166, Ogoalo V. State (1991) 2 NWLR (Pt. 175) 509 at 523 and Ebienwe v. State (2011) vol. 201 LRCN 220 @ 223 learned respondent’s counsel urges the resolution of the lone issue against the appellant and the dismissal of the appeal.
Now, the very narrow issue the appeal raises is whether given the facts on record it is also safe for this Court to rely on appellant’s extra judicial confessional statement to further affirm his conviction. Parties herein agree and rightly too, for authorities on the principle are legion, that to successfully establish the charge of armed robbery against the appellant the respondent has to prove beyond reasonable doubt:-
(i) That there was infact a robbery
(ii) That the robbery was an armed robbery
(iii) That the appellant took part in the robbery. See The State V. Isioko (2013)
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LPELR-20521 (SC), Afolalu V. The State (2010) 16 NWLR (Pt.220) 554, Tirimisiyu Adebayo V. State (2014) LPELR-22988 (SC) and Suberu V. The State (2010) 8 NWLR (Pt.1197) 586.
In the instant case, appellant’s strongest wicket lies in the third ingredient of the offence which his counsel strongly contends that the Lower Court has proceeded to affirm the trial Court’s finding thereon inspite of the failure of the prosecution to establish same. It cannot be denied the appellant that the prosecutions failure to link him to the robbery he is charged and convicted for will be fatal to the concurrent findings of the two Courts below. On what then, it may be asked, did the Lower Court rely in its affirmation of the trial Court’s finding on the third ingredient of the offence and conviction of the appellant The answer is to be found at pages 186 -187 where, after reviewing the evidence of PW1 in the course of its judgment, the Court held as follows:-
The question is whether Pw1 could have clearly recognized the appellant in this state four years after the incident.
It would appear doubtful in my opinion.
(Underlining supplied for
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emphasis).
On PW3, PW1’s wife, the other eye witness to the armed robbery, the Lower Court proceeded at page 187 of the record thus:-
“PW3 said in evidence in chief that there was a lit lantern in the room which enabled her to see who came into the room. Under cross examination at page 25, she said;
In my statement I described to the police that one of the robbers was tall with an open teeth while the other two were short.
But in her statement made on 24/1/96, which was marked Exhibit C, she had stated thus:
‘.I saw three men armed with short guns… I can identify that one who cut my husband with matchet on his right hand if seen
This implies that the robber she could easily identify was the one who cut her husband with a machete. The Appellant was not arrested until about four years after this incident but PW3 said at page 26:
I was shown the 2nd accused person in the cell and I recognized him. It was stated in my statement that I identified him.
It is not clear if the Appellant was the one who cut her husband with a machete. (Underlining
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supplied for emphasis)
The Court then rightly resolved thus:-
I would agree with Mr. Omoaka for the appellant that it would be wise to exercise caution in convicting an accused person upon such fluid identification. But the trial Court also considered Exhibit G and H which were confessional statements from the 1st accused person and from the appellant respectively.
(Underlining supplied for emphasis).
It is a given principle that in establishing the offence of armed robbery the prosecution’s evidence need not necessarily be the direct evidence of an eye witness as same could also be either circumstantial evidence or the confessional statement of the accused. See Onyenye v. State (2012) LPELR-7866 (SC) Lori v. State (1980) 8-11 SC 81.
The appellant in Exhibit H stated as follows:-
“I know one Ekong Akpan Thomas he is from Etinam living at No 3 Adaha Akpo Street, Etinon. I also know one Aniedi Sampson Bassey, Aniedi Sampson Bassey is my inlaw and I know Ekong Akpan Thomas through Aniedi Sampson Bassey alias Ikpe and Ekong Akpan Thomas were my partners in crime we use to steal goats. And we also went to Oniong Iman Village
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together and rob the owner of the house and gave him a matchet cut on his hand. We were the people who stole his money, his clothes in a bag, one Bicycle and a Radio. Yes I was together with Ekong Akpan Thomas and Aniedi Sampson Bassey alias ‘Ikpe’ at Etinan Motor Pack (sic) on 23/1/96 when one boy identified his polo shirt which was one of the loots given to Ekong Akpan Thomas”
On the foregoing, the Court at page 196 of the record enthused as follows:-
“The evidence of PW5 to the effect that Exhibit H and Exhibit G were both voluntarily made was not challenged, the evidence of PW1 and PW3 that the long sleeved polo shirt, Exhibit E, was part of the items stolen by the armed robbers who invaded their home on 17/12/95 was not challenged. The evidence that Exhibit E was the same shirt worn by the 1st accused person on 23/1/96 at Etinan Motor Pork was not challenged. In fact the 1st accused admitted this fact in Exhibit G while the appellant admitted this fact in Exhibit E was the same shirt worn by the 1st accused person on 23/1/96 at Etinan Motor Park was not challenged. In fact the 1st accused admitted this fact in Exhibit G while the
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appellant admitted this fact in Exhibit H . The tribunal was right to have accepted and acted on Exhibit H.
I cannot agree more with the foregoing unassailable finding of the Lower Court. Where as in the instant case the appellant in Exhibit H adopts the content of Exhibit G, the two Courts are entitled to rely on the latter in addition to the former against the appellant. See State v. Onyeukwu (2004) 14 NWLR (Pt.893) 378 and Aikhadueki v. State (2013) LPELR-20905 (SC).
I agree with learned appellant’s counsel that by virtue of a chain of decisions of this Court, see R V Sykes (supra) Dawa v. State (supra) and Ikpasa v. State (supra), it is desirable to base the appellant’s conviction on further evidence outside his confession, the requirement for such corroborative evidence is however not mandatory. The principle still is that the Court, where the confession is direct, positive and unequivocal and is properly proved, may convict an accused solely on such a confession. As learned respondent’s counsel rightly submitted, there is no evidence stronger than a person’s admission of the state of affairs: See Stephen V. State (supra), Oguonze
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State (supra) and Ogoala v. State (1991) 2 NWLR (Pt.175) 523. In the case at hand the concurrent findings of the two Lower Courts that proceeded not only on the basis of exhibit H, appellant’s voluntary confessional statement admitted without objection, but on the basis of exhibit G as well, is impeccable. Not being perverse, the findings must persist.It is for the foregoing that I resolve the lone issue against the appellant and dismiss his unmeritorious appeal. The judgment of the Lower Court is hereby accordingly affirmed.
SC.256/2015