Article 37 Montreal Convention

Article 37 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled Right of Recourse against Third Parties. It is under Chapter III (Liability of the Carrier and Extent of Compensation for Damage).

Nothing in this Convention shall prejudice the question whether a person liable for damage in accordance with its provisions has a right of recourse against any other person.

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See also: Article 36 Montreal Convention

Article 36 Montreal Convention

Article 36 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled Successive Carriage. It is under Chapter III (Liability of the Carrier and Extent of Compensation for Damage).

1. In the case of carriage to be performed by various successive carriers and falling within the definition set out in paragraph 3 of Article 1, each carrier which accepts passengers, baggage or cargo is subject to the rules set out in this Convention and is deemed to be one of the parties to the contract of carriage in so far as the contract deals with that part of the carriage which is performed under its
supervision.

2. In the case of carriage of this nature, the passenger or any person entitled to compensation in respect of him or her can take action only against the carrier which performed the carriage during which the accident or the delay occurred, save in the case where, by express agreement, the first
carrier has assumed liability for the whole journey.

3. As regards baggage or cargo, the passenger or consignor will have a right of action against the first carrier, and the passenger or consignee who is entitled to delivery will have a right of action against the last carrier, and further, each may take action against the carrier which performed the
carriage during which the destruction, loss, damage or delay took place. These carriers will be jointly and severally liable to the passenger or to the consignor or consignee.

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See also: Article 35 Montreal Convention

Article 35 Montreal Convention

Article 35 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled Limitation of Actions. It is under Chapter III (Liability of the Carrier and Extent of Compensation for Damage).

1. The right to damages shall be extinguished if an action is not brought within a period of two years, reckoned from the date of arrival at the destination, or from the date on which the aircraft ought to have arrived, or from the date on which the carriage stopped.

2. The method of calculating that period shall be determined by the law of the court seised of the case.

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See also: Article 34 Montreal Convention

Article 34 Montreal Convention

Article 34 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled Arbitration. It is under Chapter III (Liability of the Carrier and Extent of Compensation for Damage).

1. Subject to the provisions of this Article, the parties to the contract of carriage for cargo may stipulate that any dispute relating to the liability of the carrier under this Convention shall be settled by arbitration. Such agreement shall be in writing.

2. The arbitration proceedings shall, at the option of the claimant, take place within one of the jurisdictions referred to in Article 33.

3. The arbitrator or arbitration tribunal shall apply the provisions of this Convention.

4. The provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Article shall be deemed to be part of every arbitration clause or agreement, and any term of such clause or agreement which is inconsistent therewith shall be null and void.

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See also: Article 33 Montreal Convention

Article 33 Montreal Convention

Article 33 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled Jurisdiction. It is under Chapter III (Liability of the Carrier and Extent of Compensation for Damage).

1. An action for damages must be brought, at the option of the plaintiff, in the territory of one of the States Parties, either before the court of the domicile of the carrier or of its principal place of business, or where it has a place of business through which the contract has been made or before the court at the place of destination.

2. In respect of damage resulting from the death or injury of a passenger, an action may be brought before one of the courts mentioned in paragraph 1 of this Article, or in the territory of a State Party in which at the time of the accident the passenger has his or her principal and permanent
residence and to or from which the carrier operates services for the carriage of passengers by air,either on its own aircraft, or on another carrier’s aircraft pursuant to a commercial agreement, and in which that carrier conducts its business of carriage of passengers by air from premises leased or owned by the carrier itself or by another carrier with which it has a commercial agreement.

3. For the purposes of paragraph 2,

(a) „commercial agreement“ means an agreement, other than an agency agreement, made between carriers and relating to the provision of their joint services for carriage of
passengers by air;

(b) „principal and permanent residence“ means the one fixed and permanent abode of the passenger at the time of the accident. The nationality of the passenger shall not be the
determining factor in this regard.

4. Questions of procedure shall be governed by the law of the court seized of the case.

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See also: Article 32 Montreal Convention

Article 32 Montreal Convention

Article 32 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled Death of Person Liable. It is under Chapter III (Liability of the Carrier and Extent of Compensation for Damage).

In the case of the death of the person liable, an action for damages lies in accordance with the terms of this Convention against those legally representing his or her estate.

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See also: Article 31 Montreal Convention

Article 31 Montreal Convention

Article 31 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled Timely Notice of Complaints. It is under Chapter III (Liability of the Carrier and Extent of Compensation for Damage).

1. Receipt by the person entitled to delivery of checked baggage or cargo without complaint is prima facie evidence that the same has been delivered in good condition and in accordance with the document of carriage or with the record preserved by the other means referred to in paragraph 2 of
Article 3 and paragraph 2 of Article 4.

2. In the case of damage, the person entitled to delivery must complain to the carrier forthwith after the discovery of the damage, and, at the latest, within seven days from the date of receipt in the case of checked baggage and fourteen days from the date of receipt in the case of cargo. In the case of delay, the complaint must be made at the latest within twenty-one days from the date on which the baggage or cargo have been placed at his or her disposal.

3. Every complaint must be made in writing and given or dispatched within the times aforesaid.

4. If no complaint is made within the times aforesaid, no action shall lie against the carrier, save in the case of fraud on its part.

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See also: Article 30 Montreal Convention

Article 30 Montreal Convention

Article 30 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled Servants, Agents — Aggregation of Claims. It is under Chapter III (Liability of the Carrier and Extent of Compensation for Damage).

1. If an action is brought against a servant or agent of the carrier arising out of damage to which the Convention relates, such servant or agent, if they prove that they acted within the scope of their employment, shall be entitled to avail themselves of the conditions and limits of liability which the carrier itself is entitled to invoke under this Convention.

2. The aggregate of the amounts recoverable from the carrier, its servants and agents, in that case, shall not exceed the said limits.

3. Save in respect of the carriage of cargo, the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article shall not apply if it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of the servant or agent done with intent to cause damage or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably
result.

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See also: Article 29 Montreal Convention

Article 29 Montreal Convention

Article 29 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled Basis of Claims. It is under Chapter III (Liability of the Carrier and Extent of Compensation for Damage).

In the carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo, any action for damages, however founded, whether under this Convention or in contract or in tort or otherwise, can only be brought subject to the conditions and such limits of liability as are set out in this Convention without prejudice to the question as to who are the persons who have the right to bring suit and what are their respective rights. In any
such action, punitive, exemplary or any other non compensatory damages shall not be recoverable.

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See also: Article 28 Montreal Convention

Article 28 Montreal Convention

Article 28 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled Advance Payments. It is under Chapter III (Liability of the Carrier and Extent of Compensation for Damage).

In the case of aircraft accidents resulting in death or injury of passengers, the carrier shall, if required by its national law, make advance payments without delay to a natural person or persons who are entitled to claim compensation in order to meet the immediate economic needs of such persons. Such advance payments shall not constitute a recognition of liability and may be offset against any amounts subsequently paid as damages by the carrier.

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See also: Article 27 Montreal Convention