Article 57 Montreal Convention

Article 57 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled Reservations. It is under Chapter VII (Final Clauses).

No reservation may be made to this Convention except that a State Party may at any time declare by a notification addressed to the Depositary that this Convention shall not apply to:

(a) international carriage by air performed and operated directly by that State Party for non-commercial purposes in respect to its functions and duties as a sovereign State; and/or

See also: Article 56 Montreal Convention

Article 56 Montreal Convention

Article 56 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled States with more than one System of Law. It is under Chapter VII (Final Clauses).

1. If a State has two or more territorial units in which different systems of law are applicable in relation to matters dealt with in this Convention, it may at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession declare that this Convention shall extend to all its territorial units or only to one or more of them and may modify this declaration by submitting another declaration at any time.

2. Any such declaration shall be notified to the Depositary and shall state expressly the territorial units to which the Convention applies.

3. In relation to a State Party which has made such a declaration:

(a) references in Article 23 to „national currency“ shall be construed as referring to the currency of the relevant territorial unit of that State; and

See also: Article 55 Montreal Convention

Article 55 Montreal Convention

Article 55 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled Relationship with other Warsaw Convention Instruments. It is under Chapter VII (Final Clauses).

This Convention shall prevail over any rules which apply to international carriage by air:

1. between States Parties to this Convention by virtue of those States commonly being Party to

2. within the territory of any single State Party to this Convention by virtue of that State being Party to one or more of the instruments referred to in sub-paragraphs (a) to (e) above.

See also: Article 54 Montreal Convention

Article 54 Montreal Convention

Article 54 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled Denunciation. It is under Chapter VII (Final Clauses).

1. Any State Party may denounce this Convention by written notification to the Depositary.

2. Denunciation shall take effect one hundred and eighty days following the date on which notification is received by the Depositary.

See also: Article 53 Montreal Convention

Article 53 Montreal Convention

Article 53 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled Signature, Ratification and Entry into Force. It is under Chapter VII (Final Clauses).

1. This Convention shall be open for signature in Montreal on 28 May 1999 by States participating in the International Conference on Air Law held at Montreal from 10 to 28 May 1999. After 28 May 1999, the Convention shall be open to all States for signature at the Headquarters of the International Civil Aviation Organization in Montreal until it enters into force in accordance with paragraph 6 of this Article.

2. This Convention shall similarly be open for signature by Regional Economic Integration Organisations. For the purpose of this Convention, a „Regional Economic Integration Organisation“ means any organisation which is constituted by sovereign States of a given region which has
competence in respect of certain matters governed by this Convention and has been duly authorized to sign and to ratify, accept, approve or accede to this Convention. A reference to a „State Party“ or „States Parties“ in this Convention, otherwise than in paragraph 2 of Article 1, paragraph 1(b) of Article 3, paragraph (b) of Article 5, Articles 23, 33, 46 and paragraph (b) of Article 57, applies equally to a Regional Economic Integration Organisation. For the purpose of Article 24, the references to „a majority of the States Parties“ and „one-third of the States Parties“ shall not apply to a Regional Economic Integration Organisation.

3. This Convention shall be subject to ratification by States and by Regional Economic Integration Organisations which have signed it.

4. Any State or Regional Economic Integration Organisation which does not sign this Convention may accept, approve or accede to it at any time.

5. Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the International Civil Aviation Organization, which is hereby designated the Depositary.

6. This Convention shall enter into force on the sixtieth day following the date of deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession with the Depositary between the States which have deposited such instrument. An instrument deposited by a Regional Economic Integration Organisation shall not be counted for the purpose of this paragraph.

7. For other States and for other Regional Economic Integration Organisations, this Convention shall take effect sixty days following the date of deposit of the instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

8. The Depositary shall promptly notify all signatories and States Parties of:

(a) each signature of this Convention and date thereof;

(b) each deposit of an instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession and date thereof;

(c) the date of entry into force of this Convention;

(d) the date of the coming into force of any revision of the limits of liability established under this Convention;

(e) any denunciation under Article 54.

See also: Article 52 Montreal Convention

Article 52 Montreal Convention

Article 52 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled Definition of Days. It is under Chapter VI (Other Provisions).

The expression „days“ when used in this Convention means calendar days, not working days.

See also: Article 51 Montreal Convention

Article 51 Montreal Convention

Article 51 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled Carriage Performed in Extraordinary Circumstances. It is under Chapter VI (Other Provisions).

The provisions of Articles 3 to 5, 7 and 8 relating to the documentation of carriage shall not apply in the case of carriage performed in extraordinary circumstances outside the normal scope of a carrier’s business.

See also: Article 50 Montreal Convention

Article 50 Montreal Convention

Article 50 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled Insurance. It is under Chapter VI (Other Provisions).

States Parties shall require their carriers to maintain adequate insurance covering their liability under this Convention. A carrier may be required by the State Party into which it operates to furnish evidence that it maintains adequate insurance covering its liability under this Convention.

See also: Article 49 Montreal Convention

Article 49 Montreal Convention

Article 49 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled Mandatory Application. It is under Chapter VI (Other Provisions).

Any clause contained in the contract of carriage and all special agreements entered into before the damage occurred by which the parties purport to infringe the rules laid down by this Convention, whether by deciding the law to be applied, or by altering the rules as to jurisdiction, shall be null and void.

See also: Article 48 Montreal Convention

Article 48 Montreal Convention

Article 48 of the Montreal Convention (Convention For the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air) is titled Mutual Relations of Contracting and Actual Carriers. It is under Chapter V (Carriage by Air Performed by a Person other than the Contracting Carrier).

Except as provided in Article 45, nothing in this Chapter shall affect the rights and obligations of the carriers between themselves, including any right of recourse or indemnification.

See also: Article 47 Montreal Convention