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Section 29 Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 1-2 3. Interpretation-clause Section 4 5. Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts. 6. Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction 7. Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue 8. Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct 9. Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts 10. Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design 11. When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant 12. In suits for damages, facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant 13. Facts relevant when right or custom is in question 14. Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body, of bodily feeling 15. Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional 16. Existence of course of business when relevant 17. Admission defined 18. Admission 19. Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit 20. Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit 21. Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf 22. When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant 22A. When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant 23. Admissions in civil cases when relevant 24. Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding. 25. Confession to police-officer not to be proved 26. Confession by accused while in custody of Police not to be proved against him. 27. How much of information received from accused, may be proved 28. Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant. 29. Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc. 30. Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence. 31. Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop. 32. Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant. 33. Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth of facts therein stated 34. Entries in books of account when relevant. 35. Relevancy of entry in public record made in performance of duty. 36. Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans. 37. Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications. 38. Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law-books. 39. What evidence to be given when statement from part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers. 40. Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial. 41. Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction. 42. Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 41. 43. Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 40, 41 and 42, when relevant. 44. Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved. 45. Opinions of experts. 45A. Opinion of Examiner of Electronic Evidence 46. Facts hearing upon opinions of experts. 47. Opinion as to handwriting, when relevant. 47A. Opinion as to digital signature, when relevant 48. Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant. 49. Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant. 50. Opinion on relationship, when relevant. 51. Grounds of opinion, when relevant. 52. In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant. 53. In criminal cases previous good character relevant. 53A. Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases. 54. Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply. 55. Character as affecting damages 56. Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved. 57. Facts of which Court must take judicial notice. 58. Facts admitted need not be proved. 59. Proof of facts by oral evidence. 60. Oral evidence must be direct. 61. Proof of contents of documents. 62. Primary evidence. 63. Secondary evidence. 64. Proof of documents by primary evidence. 65. Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given 65A. Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record. 65B. Admissibility of electronic records. 66. Rules as to notice to produce. 67. Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced. 67A. Proof as to electronic signature. 68. Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested. 69. Proof where no attesting witness found. 70. Admission of execution by party to attested document 71. Proof when attesting witness denies the execution. 72. Proof of document not required by law to be attested. 73. Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved. 73A. Proof as to verification of digital signature. 74. Public documents. 75. Private documents. 76. Certified copies of public documents. 77. Proof of documents by production of certified copies. 78. Proof of other official documents. 79. Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies 80. Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence. 81. Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, private Acts of Parliament and other documents. 81A. Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic forms. 82. Presumption as to document admissible in England without proof of seal or signature. 83. Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government. 84. Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions. 85. Presumptions as to powers-of-attorney. 85A. Presumption as to electronic agreements. 85B. Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures. 85C. Presumption as to electronic signature certificates. 86. Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records. 87. Presumption as to books, maps and charts. 88. Presumption as to telegraphic messages. 88A. Presumption as to electronic messages. 89. Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced. 90. Presumption as to documents thirty years old 90A. Presumption as to electronic records five years old. 91. Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document. 92. Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement. 93. Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document. 94. Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts. 95. Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts. 96. Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons. 97. Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies. 98. Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc. 99. Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document. 100. Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills. 101. Burden of proof. 102. On whom burden of proof lies. 103. Burden of proof as to particular fact. 104. Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible 105. Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions. 106. Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge. 107. Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years. 108. Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years. 109. Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent. 110. Burden of proof as to ownership. 111. Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence. 111A. Presumption as to certain offences. 112. Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy. 113. Proof of cession of territory. 113A. Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman. 113B. Presumption as to dowry death. 114. Court may presume existence of certain facts. 114A. Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape 115. Estoppel. 116. Estoppel of tenants and of licensee of person in possession. 117. Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee. 118. Who may testify. 119. Witness unable to communicate verbally. 120. Parties to civil suit, and their wives or husbands. Husband or wife of person under criminal trial. 121. Judges and Magistrates. 122. Communications during marriage 123. Evidence as to affairs of State. 124. Official communications. 125. Information as to commission of offences. 126. Professional communications. 127. Section 126 to apply to interpreters, etc. 128. Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence 129. Confidential communications with legal advisers. 130. Production of title-deeds of witness not a party. 131. Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce. 132. Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate. 133. Accomplice. 134. Number of witnesses. 135. Order of production and examination of witnesses. 136. Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence. 137. Examination-in-chief. Cross-examination. Re-examination. 138. Order of examinations. Direction of re-examination. 139. Cross-examination of person called to produce a document. 140. Witnesses to character. 141. Leading questions. 142. When they must not be asked. 143. When they may be asked. 144. Evidence as to matters in writing 145. Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing 146. Questions lawful in cross-examination. 147. When witness to be compelled to answer. 148. Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer. 149. Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds. 150. Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds. 151. Indecent and scandalous questions. 152. Questions intended to insult or annoy. 153. Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity. 154. Question by party to his own witness. 155. Impeaching credit of witness. 156. Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible. 157. Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact. 158. What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 32 or 33. 159. Refreshing memory. 160. Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section159. 161. Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory. 162. Production of documents. Translation of documents. 163. Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice. 164. Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice 165. Judge’s power to put questions or order production. 166. Power of jury or assessors to put questions. 167. No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence. THE SCHEDULE [Repealed.]

Section 29 Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 29 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872 is about ‘Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc’. It is under ‘ADMISSIONS’ of Chapter II of the Act. Chapter II is titled ‘OF THE RELEVANCY OF FACTS‘.

If such a confession is otherwise relevant, it does not become irrelevant merely because it was made under a promise of secrecy, or in consequence of a deception practiced on the accused person for the purpose of obtaining it, or when he was drunk, or because it was made in answer to questions which he need not have answered, whatever may have been the form of those questions, or because he was not warned that he was not bound to make such confession, and that evidence of it might be given against him.

See also:

Section 28 Indian Evidence Act 1872 (Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant)

Section 30 Indian Evidence Act 1872 (Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence)

Section 28 Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 1-2 3. Interpretation-clause Section 4 5. Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts. 6. Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction 7. Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue 8. Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct 9. Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts 10. Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design 11. When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant 12. In suits for damages, facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant 13. Facts relevant when right or custom is in question 14. Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body, of bodily feeling 15. Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional 16. Existence of course of business when relevant 17. Admission defined 18. Admission 19. Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit 20. Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit 21. Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf 22. When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant 22A. When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant 23. Admissions in civil cases when relevant 24. Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding. 25. Confession to police-officer not to be proved 26. Confession by accused while in custody of Police not to be proved against him. 27. How much of information received from accused, may be proved 28. Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant. 29. Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc. 30. Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence. 31. Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop. 32. Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant. 33. Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth of facts therein stated 34. Entries in books of account when relevant. 35. Relevancy of entry in public record made in performance of duty. 36. Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans. 37. Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications. 38. Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law-books. 39. What evidence to be given when statement from part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers. 40. Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial. 41. Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction. 42. Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 41. 43. Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 40, 41 and 42, when relevant. 44. Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved. 45. Opinions of experts. 45A. Opinion of Examiner of Electronic Evidence 46. Facts hearing upon opinions of experts. 47. Opinion as to handwriting, when relevant. 47A. Opinion as to digital signature, when relevant 48. Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant. 49. Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant. 50. Opinion on relationship, when relevant. 51. Grounds of opinion, when relevant. 52. In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant. 53. In criminal cases previous good character relevant. 53A. Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases. 54. Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply. 55. Character as affecting damages 56. Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved. 57. Facts of which Court must take judicial notice. 58. Facts admitted need not be proved. 59. Proof of facts by oral evidence. 60. Oral evidence must be direct. 61. Proof of contents of documents. 62. Primary evidence. 63. Secondary evidence. 64. Proof of documents by primary evidence. 65. Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given 65A. Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record. 65B. Admissibility of electronic records. 66. Rules as to notice to produce. 67. Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced. 67A. Proof as to electronic signature. 68. Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested. 69. Proof where no attesting witness found. 70. Admission of execution by party to attested document 71. Proof when attesting witness denies the execution. 72. Proof of document not required by law to be attested. 73. Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved. 73A. Proof as to verification of digital signature. 74. Public documents. 75. Private documents. 76. Certified copies of public documents. 77. Proof of documents by production of certified copies. 78. Proof of other official documents. 79. Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies 80. Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence. 81. Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, private Acts of Parliament and other documents. 81A. Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic forms. 82. Presumption as to document admissible in England without proof of seal or signature. 83. Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government. 84. Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions. 85. Presumptions as to powers-of-attorney. 85A. Presumption as to electronic agreements. 85B. Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures. 85C. Presumption as to electronic signature certificates. 86. Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records. 87. Presumption as to books, maps and charts. 88. Presumption as to telegraphic messages. 88A. Presumption as to electronic messages. 89. Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced. 90. Presumption as to documents thirty years old 90A. Presumption as to electronic records five years old. 91. Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document. 92. Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement. 93. Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document. 94. Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts. 95. Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts. 96. Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons. 97. Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies. 98. Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc. 99. Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document. 100. Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills. 101. Burden of proof. 102. On whom burden of proof lies. 103. Burden of proof as to particular fact. 104. Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible 105. Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions. 106. Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge. 107. Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years. 108. Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years. 109. Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent. 110. Burden of proof as to ownership. 111. Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence. 111A. Presumption as to certain offences. 112. Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy. 113. Proof of cession of territory. 113A. Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman. 113B. Presumption as to dowry death. 114. Court may presume existence of certain facts. 114A. Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape 115. Estoppel. 116. Estoppel of tenants and of licensee of person in possession. 117. Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee. 118. Who may testify. 119. Witness unable to communicate verbally. 120. Parties to civil suit, and their wives or husbands. Husband or wife of person under criminal trial. 121. Judges and Magistrates. 122. Communications during marriage 123. Evidence as to affairs of State. 124. Official communications. 125. Information as to commission of offences. 126. Professional communications. 127. Section 126 to apply to interpreters, etc. 128. Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence 129. Confidential communications with legal advisers. 130. Production of title-deeds of witness not a party. 131. Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce. 132. Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate. 133. Accomplice. 134. Number of witnesses. 135. Order of production and examination of witnesses. 136. Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence. 137. Examination-in-chief. Cross-examination. Re-examination. 138. Order of examinations. Direction of re-examination. 139. Cross-examination of person called to produce a document. 140. Witnesses to character. 141. Leading questions. 142. When they must not be asked. 143. When they may be asked. 144. Evidence as to matters in writing 145. Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing 146. Questions lawful in cross-examination. 147. When witness to be compelled to answer. 148. Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer. 149. Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds. 150. Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds. 151. Indecent and scandalous questions. 152. Questions intended to insult or annoy. 153. Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity. 154. Question by party to his own witness. 155. Impeaching credit of witness. 156. Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible. 157. Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact. 158. What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 32 or 33. 159. Refreshing memory. 160. Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section159. 161. Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory. 162. Production of documents. Translation of documents. 163. Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice. 164. Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice 165. Judge’s power to put questions or order production. 166. Power of jury or assessors to put questions. 167. No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence. THE SCHEDULE [Repealed.]

Section 28 Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 28 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872 is about ‘Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant’. It is under ‘ADMISSIONS’ of Chapter II of the Act. Chapter II is titled ‘OF THE RELEVANCY OF FACTS‘.

Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant

If such a confession as is referred to in section 24 is made after the impression caused by any such inducement, threat or promise has, in the opinion of the Court, been fully removed, it is relevant.

See also:

Section 27 Indian Evidence Act 1872 (How much of information received from accused, may be proved)

Section 29 Indian Evidence Act 1872 (Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc.)

Section 27 Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 1-2 3. Interpretation-clause Section 4 5. Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts. 6. Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction 7. Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue 8. Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct 9. Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts 10. Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design 11. When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant 12. In suits for damages, facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant 13. Facts relevant when right or custom is in question 14. Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body, of bodily feeling 15. Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional 16. Existence of course of business when relevant 17. Admission defined 18. Admission 19. Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit 20. Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit 21. Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf 22. When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant 22A. When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant 23. Admissions in civil cases when relevant 24. Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding. 25. Confession to police-officer not to be proved 26. Confession by accused while in custody of Police not to be proved against him. 27. How much of information received from accused, may be proved 28. Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant. 29. Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc. 30. Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence. 31. Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop. 32. Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant. 33. Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth of facts therein stated 34. Entries in books of account when relevant. 35. Relevancy of entry in public record made in performance of duty. 36. Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans. 37. Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications. 38. Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law-books. 39. What evidence to be given when statement from part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers. 40. Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial. 41. Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction. 42. Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 41. 43. Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 40, 41 and 42, when relevant. 44. Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved. 45. Opinions of experts. 45A. Opinion of Examiner of Electronic Evidence 46. Facts hearing upon opinions of experts. 47. Opinion as to handwriting, when relevant. 47A. Opinion as to digital signature, when relevant 48. Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant. 49. Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant. 50. Opinion on relationship, when relevant. 51. Grounds of opinion, when relevant. 52. In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant. 53. In criminal cases previous good character relevant. 53A. Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases. 54. Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply. 55. Character as affecting damages 56. Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved. 57. Facts of which Court must take judicial notice. 58. Facts admitted need not be proved. 59. Proof of facts by oral evidence. 60. Oral evidence must be direct. 61. Proof of contents of documents. 62. Primary evidence. 63. Secondary evidence. 64. Proof of documents by primary evidence. 65. Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given 65A. Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record. 65B. Admissibility of electronic records. 66. Rules as to notice to produce. 67. Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced. 67A. Proof as to electronic signature. 68. Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested. 69. Proof where no attesting witness found. 70. Admission of execution by party to attested document 71. Proof when attesting witness denies the execution. 72. Proof of document not required by law to be attested. 73. Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved. 73A. Proof as to verification of digital signature. 74. Public documents. 75. Private documents. 76. Certified copies of public documents. 77. Proof of documents by production of certified copies. 78. Proof of other official documents. 79. Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies 80. Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence. 81. Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, private Acts of Parliament and other documents. 81A. Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic forms. 82. Presumption as to document admissible in England without proof of seal or signature. 83. Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government. 84. Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions. 85. Presumptions as to powers-of-attorney. 85A. Presumption as to electronic agreements. 85B. Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures. 85C. Presumption as to electronic signature certificates. 86. Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records. 87. Presumption as to books, maps and charts. 88. Presumption as to telegraphic messages. 88A. Presumption as to electronic messages. 89. Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced. 90. Presumption as to documents thirty years old 90A. Presumption as to electronic records five years old. 91. Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document. 92. Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement. 93. Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document. 94. Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts. 95. Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts. 96. Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons. 97. Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies. 98. Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc. 99. Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document. 100. Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills. 101. Burden of proof. 102. On whom burden of proof lies. 103. Burden of proof as to particular fact. 104. Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible 105. Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions. 106. Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge. 107. Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years. 108. Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years. 109. Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent. 110. Burden of proof as to ownership. 111. Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence. 111A. Presumption as to certain offences. 112. Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy. 113. Proof of cession of territory. 113A. Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman. 113B. Presumption as to dowry death. 114. Court may presume existence of certain facts. 114A. Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape 115. Estoppel. 116. Estoppel of tenants and of licensee of person in possession. 117. Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee. 118. Who may testify. 119. Witness unable to communicate verbally. 120. Parties to civil suit, and their wives or husbands. Husband or wife of person under criminal trial. 121. Judges and Magistrates. 122. Communications during marriage 123. Evidence as to affairs of State. 124. Official communications. 125. Information as to commission of offences. 126. Professional communications. 127. Section 126 to apply to interpreters, etc. 128. Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence 129. Confidential communications with legal advisers. 130. Production of title-deeds of witness not a party. 131. Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce. 132. Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate. 133. Accomplice. 134. Number of witnesses. 135. Order of production and examination of witnesses. 136. Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence. 137. Examination-in-chief. Cross-examination. Re-examination. 138. Order of examinations. Direction of re-examination. 139. Cross-examination of person called to produce a document. 140. Witnesses to character. 141. Leading questions. 142. When they must not be asked. 143. When they may be asked. 144. Evidence as to matters in writing 145. Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing 146. Questions lawful in cross-examination. 147. When witness to be compelled to answer. 148. Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer. 149. Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds. 150. Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds. 151. Indecent and scandalous questions. 152. Questions intended to insult or annoy. 153. Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity. 154. Question by party to his own witness. 155. Impeaching credit of witness. 156. Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible. 157. Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact. 158. What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 32 or 33. 159. Refreshing memory. 160. Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section159. 161. Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory. 162. Production of documents. Translation of documents. 163. Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice. 164. Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice 165. Judge’s power to put questions or order production. 166. Power of jury or assessors to put questions. 167. No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence. THE SCHEDULE [Repealed.]

Section 27 Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 27 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872 is about ‘How much of information received from accused may be proved’. It is under ‘ADMISSIONS’ of Chapter II of the Act. Chapter II is titled ‘OF THE RELEVANCY OF FACTS‘.

How much of information received from accused may be proved

Provided that, when any fact is deposed to as discovered inconsequence of information received from a person accused of any offence, in the custody of a police-officer, so much of such information, whether it amounts to a confession or not, as relates distinctly to the fact thereby discovered, may be proved.

See also:

Section 26 Indian Evidence Act 1872 (Confession by accused while in custody of Police not to be proved against him)

Section 28 Indian Evidence Act 1872 (Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant)

Section 26 Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 1-2 3. Interpretation-clause Section 4 5. Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts. 6. Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction 7. Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue 8. Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct 9. Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts 10. Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design 11. When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant 12. In suits for damages, facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant 13. Facts relevant when right or custom is in question 14. Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body, of bodily feeling 15. Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional 16. Existence of course of business when relevant 17. Admission defined 18. Admission 19. Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit 20. Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit 21. Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf 22. When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant 22A. When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant 23. Admissions in civil cases when relevant 24. Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding. 25. Confession to police-officer not to be proved 26. Confession by accused while in custody of Police not to be proved against him. 27. How much of information received from accused, may be proved 28. Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant. 29. Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc. 30. Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence. 31. Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop. 32. Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant. 33. Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth of facts therein stated 34. Entries in books of account when relevant. 35. Relevancy of entry in public record made in performance of duty. 36. Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans. 37. Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications. 38. Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law-books. 39. What evidence to be given when statement from part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers. 40. Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial. 41. Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction. 42. Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 41. 43. Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 40, 41 and 42, when relevant. 44. Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved. 45. Opinions of experts. 45A. Opinion of Examiner of Electronic Evidence 46. Facts hearing upon opinions of experts. 47. Opinion as to handwriting, when relevant. 47A. Opinion as to digital signature, when relevant 48. Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant. 49. Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant. 50. Opinion on relationship, when relevant. 51. Grounds of opinion, when relevant. 52. In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant. 53. In criminal cases previous good character relevant. 53A. Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases. 54. Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply. 55. Character as affecting damages 56. Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved. 57. Facts of which Court must take judicial notice. 58. Facts admitted need not be proved. 59. Proof of facts by oral evidence. 60. Oral evidence must be direct. 61. Proof of contents of documents. 62. Primary evidence. 63. Secondary evidence. 64. Proof of documents by primary evidence. 65. Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given 65A. Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record. 65B. Admissibility of electronic records. 66. Rules as to notice to produce. 67. Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced. 67A. Proof as to electronic signature. 68. Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested. 69. Proof where no attesting witness found. 70. Admission of execution by party to attested document 71. Proof when attesting witness denies the execution. 72. Proof of document not required by law to be attested. 73. Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved. 73A. Proof as to verification of digital signature. 74. Public documents. 75. Private documents. 76. Certified copies of public documents. 77. Proof of documents by production of certified copies. 78. Proof of other official documents. 79. Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies 80. Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence. 81. Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, private Acts of Parliament and other documents. 81A. Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic forms. 82. Presumption as to document admissible in England without proof of seal or signature. 83. Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government. 84. Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions. 85. Presumptions as to powers-of-attorney. 85A. Presumption as to electronic agreements. 85B. Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures. 85C. Presumption as to electronic signature certificates. 86. Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records. 87. Presumption as to books, maps and charts. 88. Presumption as to telegraphic messages. 88A. Presumption as to electronic messages. 89. Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced. 90. Presumption as to documents thirty years old 90A. Presumption as to electronic records five years old. 91. Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document. 92. Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement. 93. Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document. 94. Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts. 95. Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts. 96. Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons. 97. Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies. 98. Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc. 99. Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document. 100. Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills. 101. Burden of proof. 102. On whom burden of proof lies. 103. Burden of proof as to particular fact. 104. Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible 105. Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions. 106. Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge. 107. Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years. 108. Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years. 109. Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent. 110. Burden of proof as to ownership. 111. Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence. 111A. Presumption as to certain offences. 112. Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy. 113. Proof of cession of territory. 113A. Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman. 113B. Presumption as to dowry death. 114. Court may presume existence of certain facts. 114A. Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape 115. Estoppel. 116. Estoppel of tenants and of licensee of person in possession. 117. Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee. 118. Who may testify. 119. Witness unable to communicate verbally. 120. Parties to civil suit, and their wives or husbands. Husband or wife of person under criminal trial. 121. Judges and Magistrates. 122. Communications during marriage 123. Evidence as to affairs of State. 124. Official communications. 125. Information as to commission of offences. 126. Professional communications. 127. Section 126 to apply to interpreters, etc. 128. Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence 129. Confidential communications with legal advisers. 130. Production of title-deeds of witness not a party. 131. Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce. 132. Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate. 133. Accomplice. 134. Number of witnesses. 135. Order of production and examination of witnesses. 136. Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence. 137. Examination-in-chief. Cross-examination. Re-examination. 138. Order of examinations. Direction of re-examination. 139. Cross-examination of person called to produce a document. 140. Witnesses to character. 141. Leading questions. 142. When they must not be asked. 143. When they may be asked. 144. Evidence as to matters in writing 145. Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing 146. Questions lawful in cross-examination. 147. When witness to be compelled to answer. 148. Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer. 149. Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds. 150. Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds. 151. Indecent and scandalous questions. 152. Questions intended to insult or annoy. 153. Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity. 154. Question by party to his own witness. 155. Impeaching credit of witness. 156. Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible. 157. Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact. 158. What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 32 or 33. 159. Refreshing memory. 160. Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section159. 161. Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory. 162. Production of documents. Translation of documents. 163. Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice. 164. Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice 165. Judge’s power to put questions or order production. 166. Power of jury or assessors to put questions. 167. No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence. THE SCHEDULE [Repealed.]

Section 26 Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 26 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872 is about ‘Confession by accused while in custody of police not to be proved against him’. It is under ‘ADMISSIONS’ of Chapter II of the Act. Chapter II is titled ‘OF THE RELEVANCY OF FACTS‘.

Confession by accused while in custody of police not to be proved against him

No confession made by any person whilst he is in the custody of a police-officer, unless it be made in the immediate presence of a Magistrate, shall be proved as against such person.

[Explanation. –– In this section “Magistrate” does not include the head of a village discharging magisterial functions in the Presidency of Fort St. George or elsewhere, unless such headman is a Magistrate exercising the powers of a Magistrate under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 18826 (10 of 1882).]

See also:

Section 25 Indian Evidence Act 1872 (Confession to police-officer not to be proved)

Section 27 Indian Evidence Act 1872 (How much of information received from accused may be proved)

Section 25 Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 1-2 3. Interpretation-clause Section 4 5. Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts. 6. Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction 7. Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue 8. Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct 9. Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts 10. Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design 11. When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant 12. In suits for damages, facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant 13. Facts relevant when right or custom is in question 14. Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body, of bodily feeling 15. Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional 16. Existence of course of business when relevant 17. Admission defined 18. Admission 19. Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit 20. Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit 21. Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf 22. When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant 22A. When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant 23. Admissions in civil cases when relevant 24. Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding. 25. Confession to police-officer not to be proved 26. Confession by accused while in custody of Police not to be proved against him. 27. How much of information received from accused, may be proved 28. Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant. 29. Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc. 30. Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence. 31. Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop. 32. Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant. 33. Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth of facts therein stated 34. Entries in books of account when relevant. 35. Relevancy of entry in public record made in performance of duty. 36. Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans. 37. Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications. 38. Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law-books. 39. What evidence to be given when statement from part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers. 40. Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial. 41. Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction. 42. Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 41. 43. Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 40, 41 and 42, when relevant. 44. Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved. 45. Opinions of experts. 45A. Opinion of Examiner of Electronic Evidence 46. Facts hearing upon opinions of experts. 47. Opinion as to handwriting, when relevant. 47A. Opinion as to digital signature, when relevant 48. Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant. 49. Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant. 50. Opinion on relationship, when relevant. 51. Grounds of opinion, when relevant. 52. In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant. 53. In criminal cases previous good character relevant. 53A. Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases. 54. Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply. 55. Character as affecting damages 56. Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved. 57. Facts of which Court must take judicial notice. 58. Facts admitted need not be proved. 59. Proof of facts by oral evidence. 60. Oral evidence must be direct. 61. Proof of contents of documents. 62. Primary evidence. 63. Secondary evidence. 64. Proof of documents by primary evidence. 65. Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given 65A. Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record. 65B. Admissibility of electronic records. 66. Rules as to notice to produce. 67. Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced. 67A. Proof as to electronic signature. 68. Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested. 69. Proof where no attesting witness found. 70. Admission of execution by party to attested document 71. Proof when attesting witness denies the execution. 72. Proof of document not required by law to be attested. 73. Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved. 73A. Proof as to verification of digital signature. 74. Public documents. 75. Private documents. 76. Certified copies of public documents. 77. Proof of documents by production of certified copies. 78. Proof of other official documents. 79. Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies 80. Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence. 81. Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, private Acts of Parliament and other documents. 81A. Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic forms. 82. Presumption as to document admissible in England without proof of seal or signature. 83. Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government. 84. Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions. 85. Presumptions as to powers-of-attorney. 85A. Presumption as to electronic agreements. 85B. Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures. 85C. Presumption as to electronic signature certificates. 86. Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records. 87. Presumption as to books, maps and charts. 88. Presumption as to telegraphic messages. 88A. Presumption as to electronic messages. 89. Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced. 90. Presumption as to documents thirty years old 90A. Presumption as to electronic records five years old. 91. Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document. 92. Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement. 93. Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document. 94. Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts. 95. Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts. 96. Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons. 97. Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies. 98. Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc. 99. Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document. 100. Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills. 101. Burden of proof. 102. On whom burden of proof lies. 103. Burden of proof as to particular fact. 104. Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible 105. Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions. 106. Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge. 107. Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years. 108. Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years. 109. Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent. 110. Burden of proof as to ownership. 111. Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence. 111A. Presumption as to certain offences. 112. Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy. 113. Proof of cession of territory. 113A. Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman. 113B. Presumption as to dowry death. 114. Court may presume existence of certain facts. 114A. Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape 115. Estoppel. 116. Estoppel of tenants and of licensee of person in possession. 117. Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee. 118. Who may testify. 119. Witness unable to communicate verbally. 120. Parties to civil suit, and their wives or husbands. Husband or wife of person under criminal trial. 121. Judges and Magistrates. 122. Communications during marriage 123. Evidence as to affairs of State. 124. Official communications. 125. Information as to commission of offences. 126. Professional communications. 127. Section 126 to apply to interpreters, etc. 128. Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence 129. Confidential communications with legal advisers. 130. Production of title-deeds of witness not a party. 131. Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce. 132. Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate. 133. Accomplice. 134. Number of witnesses. 135. Order of production and examination of witnesses. 136. Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence. 137. Examination-in-chief. Cross-examination. Re-examination. 138. Order of examinations. Direction of re-examination. 139. Cross-examination of person called to produce a document. 140. Witnesses to character. 141. Leading questions. 142. When they must not be asked. 143. When they may be asked. 144. Evidence as to matters in writing 145. Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing 146. Questions lawful in cross-examination. 147. When witness to be compelled to answer. 148. Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer. 149. Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds. 150. Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds. 151. Indecent and scandalous questions. 152. Questions intended to insult or annoy. 153. Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity. 154. Question by party to his own witness. 155. Impeaching credit of witness. 156. Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible. 157. Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact. 158. What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 32 or 33. 159. Refreshing memory. 160. Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section159. 161. Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory. 162. Production of documents. Translation of documents. 163. Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice. 164. Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice 165. Judge’s power to put questions or order production. 166. Power of jury or assessors to put questions. 167. No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence. THE SCHEDULE [Repealed.]

Section 25 Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 25 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872 is about ‘Confession to police-officer not to be proved’. It is under ‘ADMISSIONS’ of Chapter II of the Act. Chapter II is titled ‘OF THE RELEVANCY OF FACTS‘.

Confession to police-officer not to be proved

No confession made to a police-officer, shall be proved as against a person accused of any offence.

See also:

Section 24 Indian Evidence Act 1872 (Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding)

Section 26 Indian Evidence Act 1872 (Confession by accused while in custody of police not to be proved against him)

Section 24 Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 1-2 3. Interpretation-clause Section 4 5. Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts. 6. Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction 7. Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue 8. Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct 9. Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts 10. Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design 11. When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant 12. In suits for damages, facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant 13. Facts relevant when right or custom is in question 14. Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body, of bodily feeling 15. Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional 16. Existence of course of business when relevant 17. Admission defined 18. Admission 19. Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit 20. Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit 21. Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf 22. When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant 22A. When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant 23. Admissions in civil cases when relevant 24. Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding. 25. Confession to police-officer not to be proved 26. Confession by accused while in custody of Police not to be proved against him. 27. How much of information received from accused, may be proved 28. Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant. 29. Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc. 30. Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence. 31. Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop. 32. Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant. 33. Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth of facts therein stated 34. Entries in books of account when relevant. 35. Relevancy of entry in public record made in performance of duty. 36. Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans. 37. Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications. 38. Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law-books. 39. What evidence to be given when statement from part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers. 40. Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial. 41. Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction. 42. Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 41. 43. Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 40, 41 and 42, when relevant. 44. Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved. 45. Opinions of experts. 45A. Opinion of Examiner of Electronic Evidence 46. Facts hearing upon opinions of experts. 47. Opinion as to handwriting, when relevant. 47A. Opinion as to digital signature, when relevant 48. Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant. 49. Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant. 50. Opinion on relationship, when relevant. 51. Grounds of opinion, when relevant. 52. In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant. 53. In criminal cases previous good character relevant. 53A. Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases. 54. Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply. 55. Character as affecting damages 56. Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved. 57. Facts of which Court must take judicial notice. 58. Facts admitted need not be proved. 59. Proof of facts by oral evidence. 60. Oral evidence must be direct. 61. Proof of contents of documents. 62. Primary evidence. 63. Secondary evidence. 64. Proof of documents by primary evidence. 65. Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given 65A. Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record. 65B. Admissibility of electronic records. 66. Rules as to notice to produce. 67. Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced. 67A. Proof as to electronic signature. 68. Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested. 69. Proof where no attesting witness found. 70. Admission of execution by party to attested document 71. Proof when attesting witness denies the execution. 72. Proof of document not required by law to be attested. 73. Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved. 73A. Proof as to verification of digital signature. 74. Public documents. 75. Private documents. 76. Certified copies of public documents. 77. Proof of documents by production of certified copies. 78. Proof of other official documents. 79. Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies 80. Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence. 81. Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, private Acts of Parliament and other documents. 81A. Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic forms. 82. Presumption as to document admissible in England without proof of seal or signature. 83. Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government. 84. Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions. 85. Presumptions as to powers-of-attorney. 85A. Presumption as to electronic agreements. 85B. Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures. 85C. Presumption as to electronic signature certificates. 86. Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records. 87. Presumption as to books, maps and charts. 88. Presumption as to telegraphic messages. 88A. Presumption as to electronic messages. 89. Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced. 90. Presumption as to documents thirty years old 90A. Presumption as to electronic records five years old. 91. Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document. 92. Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement. 93. Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document. 94. Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts. 95. Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts. 96. Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons. 97. Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies. 98. Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc. 99. Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document. 100. Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills. 101. Burden of proof. 102. On whom burden of proof lies. 103. Burden of proof as to particular fact. 104. Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible 105. Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions. 106. Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge. 107. Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years. 108. Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years. 109. Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent. 110. Burden of proof as to ownership. 111. Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence. 111A. Presumption as to certain offences. 112. Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy. 113. Proof of cession of territory. 113A. Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman. 113B. Presumption as to dowry death. 114. Court may presume existence of certain facts. 114A. Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape 115. Estoppel. 116. Estoppel of tenants and of licensee of person in possession. 117. Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee. 118. Who may testify. 119. Witness unable to communicate verbally. 120. Parties to civil suit, and their wives or husbands. Husband or wife of person under criminal trial. 121. Judges and Magistrates. 122. Communications during marriage 123. Evidence as to affairs of State. 124. Official communications. 125. Information as to commission of offences. 126. Professional communications. 127. Section 126 to apply to interpreters, etc. 128. Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence 129. Confidential communications with legal advisers. 130. Production of title-deeds of witness not a party. 131. Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce. 132. Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate. 133. Accomplice. 134. Number of witnesses. 135. Order of production and examination of witnesses. 136. Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence. 137. Examination-in-chief. Cross-examination. Re-examination. 138. Order of examinations. Direction of re-examination. 139. Cross-examination of person called to produce a document. 140. Witnesses to character. 141. Leading questions. 142. When they must not be asked. 143. When they may be asked. 144. Evidence as to matters in writing 145. Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing 146. Questions lawful in cross-examination. 147. When witness to be compelled to answer. 148. Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer. 149. Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds. 150. Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds. 151. Indecent and scandalous questions. 152. Questions intended to insult or annoy. 153. Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity. 154. Question by party to his own witness. 155. Impeaching credit of witness. 156. Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible. 157. Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact. 158. What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 32 or 33. 159. Refreshing memory. 160. Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section159. 161. Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory. 162. Production of documents. Translation of documents. 163. Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice. 164. Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice 165. Judge’s power to put questions or order production. 166. Power of jury or assessors to put questions. 167. No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence. THE SCHEDULE [Repealed.]

Section 24 Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 24 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872 is about ‘Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding’. It is under ‘ADMISSIONS’ of Chapter II of the Act. Chapter II is titled ‘OF THE RELEVANCY OF FACTS‘.

Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding

A confession made by an accused person is irrelevant in a criminal proceeding, if the
making of the confession appears to the Court to have been caused by any inducement, threat or promise having reference to the charge against the accused person, proceeding from a person in authority and sufficient, in the opinion of the Court, to give the accused person grounds which would appear to him reasonable for supposing that by making it he would gain any advantage or avoid any evil of a temporal nature in reference to the proceedings against him.

See also:

Section 23 Indian Evidence Act 1872 (Admissions in civil cases when relevant)

Section 25 Indian Evidence Act 1872 (Confession to police-officer not to be proved)

Section 23 Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 1-2 3. Interpretation-clause Section 4 5. Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts. 6. Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction 7. Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue 8. Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct 9. Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts 10. Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design 11. When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant 12. In suits for damages, facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant 13. Facts relevant when right or custom is in question 14. Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body, of bodily feeling 15. Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional 16. Existence of course of business when relevant 17. Admission defined 18. Admission 19. Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit 20. Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit 21. Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf 22. When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant 22A. When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant 23. Admissions in civil cases when relevant 24. Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding. 25. Confession to police-officer not to be proved 26. Confession by accused while in custody of Police not to be proved against him. 27. How much of information received from accused, may be proved 28. Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant. 29. Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc. 30. Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence. 31. Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop. 32. Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant. 33. Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth of facts therein stated 34. Entries in books of account when relevant. 35. Relevancy of entry in public record made in performance of duty. 36. Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans. 37. Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications. 38. Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law-books. 39. What evidence to be given when statement from part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers. 40. Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial. 41. Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction. 42. Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 41. 43. Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 40, 41 and 42, when relevant. 44. Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved. 45. Opinions of experts. 45A. Opinion of Examiner of Electronic Evidence 46. Facts hearing upon opinions of experts. 47. Opinion as to handwriting, when relevant. 47A. Opinion as to digital signature, when relevant 48. Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant. 49. Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant. 50. Opinion on relationship, when relevant. 51. Grounds of opinion, when relevant. 52. In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant. 53. In criminal cases previous good character relevant. 53A. Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases. 54. Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply. 55. Character as affecting damages 56. Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved. 57. Facts of which Court must take judicial notice. 58. Facts admitted need not be proved. 59. Proof of facts by oral evidence. 60. Oral evidence must be direct. 61. Proof of contents of documents. 62. Primary evidence. 63. Secondary evidence. 64. Proof of documents by primary evidence. 65. Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given 65A. Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record. 65B. Admissibility of electronic records. 66. Rules as to notice to produce. 67. Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced. 67A. Proof as to electronic signature. 68. Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested. 69. Proof where no attesting witness found. 70. Admission of execution by party to attested document 71. Proof when attesting witness denies the execution. 72. Proof of document not required by law to be attested. 73. Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved. 73A. Proof as to verification of digital signature. 74. Public documents. 75. Private documents. 76. Certified copies of public documents. 77. Proof of documents by production of certified copies. 78. Proof of other official documents. 79. Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies 80. Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence. 81. Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, private Acts of Parliament and other documents. 81A. Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic forms. 82. Presumption as to document admissible in England without proof of seal or signature. 83. Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government. 84. Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions. 85. Presumptions as to powers-of-attorney. 85A. Presumption as to electronic agreements. 85B. Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures. 85C. Presumption as to electronic signature certificates. 86. Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records. 87. Presumption as to books, maps and charts. 88. Presumption as to telegraphic messages. 88A. Presumption as to electronic messages. 89. Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced. 90. Presumption as to documents thirty years old 90A. Presumption as to electronic records five years old. 91. Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document. 92. Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement. 93. Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document. 94. Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts. 95. Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts. 96. Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons. 97. Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies. 98. Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc. 99. Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document. 100. Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills. 101. Burden of proof. 102. On whom burden of proof lies. 103. Burden of proof as to particular fact. 104. Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible 105. Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions. 106. Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge. 107. Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years. 108. Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years. 109. Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent. 110. Burden of proof as to ownership. 111. Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence. 111A. Presumption as to certain offences. 112. Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy. 113. Proof of cession of territory. 113A. Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman. 113B. Presumption as to dowry death. 114. Court may presume existence of certain facts. 114A. Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape 115. Estoppel. 116. Estoppel of tenants and of licensee of person in possession. 117. Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee. 118. Who may testify. 119. Witness unable to communicate verbally. 120. Parties to civil suit, and their wives or husbands. Husband or wife of person under criminal trial. 121. Judges and Magistrates. 122. Communications during marriage 123. Evidence as to affairs of State. 124. Official communications. 125. Information as to commission of offences. 126. Professional communications. 127. Section 126 to apply to interpreters, etc. 128. Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence 129. Confidential communications with legal advisers. 130. Production of title-deeds of witness not a party. 131. Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce. 132. Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate. 133. Accomplice. 134. Number of witnesses. 135. Order of production and examination of witnesses. 136. Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence. 137. Examination-in-chief. Cross-examination. Re-examination. 138. Order of examinations. Direction of re-examination. 139. Cross-examination of person called to produce a document. 140. Witnesses to character. 141. Leading questions. 142. When they must not be asked. 143. When they may be asked. 144. Evidence as to matters in writing 145. Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing 146. Questions lawful in cross-examination. 147. When witness to be compelled to answer. 148. Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer. 149. Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds. 150. Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds. 151. Indecent and scandalous questions. 152. Questions intended to insult or annoy. 153. Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity. 154. Question by party to his own witness. 155. Impeaching credit of witness. 156. Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible. 157. Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact. 158. What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 32 or 33. 159. Refreshing memory. 160. Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section159. 161. Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory. 162. Production of documents. Translation of documents. 163. Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice. 164. Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice 165. Judge’s power to put questions or order production. 166. Power of jury or assessors to put questions. 167. No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence. THE SCHEDULE [Repealed.]

Section 23 Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 23 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872 is about ‘Admissions in civil cases when relevant’. It is under ‘ADMISSIONS’ of Chapter II of the Act. Chapter II is titled ‘OF THE RELEVANCY OF FACTS‘.

Admissions in civil cases when relevant

In civil cases no admission is relevant, if it is made either upon an express condition that evidence of it is not to be given, or under circumstances from which the Court can infer that the parties agreed together that evidence of it should not be given.

Explanation. –– Nothing in this section shall be taken to exempt any barrister, pleader, attorney or vakil from giving evidence of any matter of which he may be compelled to give evidence under section 126.

See also:

Section 22a Indian Evidence Act 1872 (When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant)

Section 24 Indian Evidence Act 1872 (Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding)

Section 22A Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 1-2 3. Interpretation-clause Section 4 5. Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts. 6. Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction 7. Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue 8. Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct 9. Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts 10. Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design 11. When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant 12. In suits for damages, facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant 13. Facts relevant when right or custom is in question 14. Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body, of bodily feeling 15. Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional 16. Existence of course of business when relevant 17. Admission defined 18. Admission 19. Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit 20. Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit 21. Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf 22. When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant 22A. When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant 23. Admissions in civil cases when relevant 24. Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding. 25. Confession to police-officer not to be proved 26. Confession by accused while in custody of Police not to be proved against him. 27. How much of information received from accused, may be proved 28. Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant. 29. Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc. 30. Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence. 31. Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop. 32. Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant. 33. Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth of facts therein stated 34. Entries in books of account when relevant. 35. Relevancy of entry in public record made in performance of duty. 36. Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans. 37. Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications. 38. Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law-books. 39. What evidence to be given when statement from part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers. 40. Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial. 41. Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction. 42. Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 41. 43. Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 40, 41 and 42, when relevant. 44. Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved. 45. Opinions of experts. 45A. Opinion of Examiner of Electronic Evidence 46. Facts hearing upon opinions of experts. 47. Opinion as to handwriting, when relevant. 47A. Opinion as to digital signature, when relevant 48. Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant. 49. Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant. 50. Opinion on relationship, when relevant. 51. Grounds of opinion, when relevant. 52. In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant. 53. In criminal cases previous good character relevant. 53A. Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases. 54. Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply. 55. Character as affecting damages 56. Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved. 57. Facts of which Court must take judicial notice. 58. Facts admitted need not be proved. 59. Proof of facts by oral evidence. 60. Oral evidence must be direct. 61. Proof of contents of documents. 62. Primary evidence. 63. Secondary evidence. 64. Proof of documents by primary evidence. 65. Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given 65A. Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record. 65B. Admissibility of electronic records. 66. Rules as to notice to produce. 67. Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced. 67A. Proof as to electronic signature. 68. Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested. 69. Proof where no attesting witness found. 70. Admission of execution by party to attested document 71. Proof when attesting witness denies the execution. 72. Proof of document not required by law to be attested. 73. Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved. 73A. Proof as to verification of digital signature. 74. Public documents. 75. Private documents. 76. Certified copies of public documents. 77. Proof of documents by production of certified copies. 78. Proof of other official documents. 79. Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies 80. Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence. 81. Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, private Acts of Parliament and other documents. 81A. Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic forms. 82. Presumption as to document admissible in England without proof of seal or signature. 83. Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government. 84. Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions. 85. Presumptions as to powers-of-attorney. 85A. Presumption as to electronic agreements. 85B. Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures. 85C. Presumption as to electronic signature certificates. 86. Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records. 87. Presumption as to books, maps and charts. 88. Presumption as to telegraphic messages. 88A. Presumption as to electronic messages. 89. Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced. 90. Presumption as to documents thirty years old 90A. Presumption as to electronic records five years old. 91. Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document. 92. Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement. 93. Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document. 94. Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts. 95. Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts. 96. Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons. 97. Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies. 98. Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc. 99. Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document. 100. Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills. 101. Burden of proof. 102. On whom burden of proof lies. 103. Burden of proof as to particular fact. 104. Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible 105. Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions. 106. Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge. 107. Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years. 108. Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years. 109. Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent. 110. Burden of proof as to ownership. 111. Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence. 111A. Presumption as to certain offences. 112. Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy. 113. Proof of cession of territory. 113A. Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman. 113B. Presumption as to dowry death. 114. Court may presume existence of certain facts. 114A. Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape 115. Estoppel. 116. Estoppel of tenants and of licensee of person in possession. 117. Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee. 118. Who may testify. 119. Witness unable to communicate verbally. 120. Parties to civil suit, and their wives or husbands. Husband or wife of person under criminal trial. 121. Judges and Magistrates. 122. Communications during marriage 123. Evidence as to affairs of State. 124. Official communications. 125. Information as to commission of offences. 126. Professional communications. 127. Section 126 to apply to interpreters, etc. 128. Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence 129. Confidential communications with legal advisers. 130. Production of title-deeds of witness not a party. 131. Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce. 132. Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate. 133. Accomplice. 134. Number of witnesses. 135. Order of production and examination of witnesses. 136. Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence. 137. Examination-in-chief. Cross-examination. Re-examination. 138. Order of examinations. Direction of re-examination. 139. Cross-examination of person called to produce a document. 140. Witnesses to character. 141. Leading questions. 142. When they must not be asked. 143. When they may be asked. 144. Evidence as to matters in writing 145. Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing 146. Questions lawful in cross-examination. 147. When witness to be compelled to answer. 148. Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer. 149. Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds. 150. Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds. 151. Indecent and scandalous questions. 152. Questions intended to insult or annoy. 153. Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity. 154. Question by party to his own witness. 155. Impeaching credit of witness. 156. Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible. 157. Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact. 158. What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 32 or 33. 159. Refreshing memory. 160. Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section159. 161. Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory. 162. Production of documents. Translation of documents. 163. Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice. 164. Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice 165. Judge’s power to put questions or order production. 166. Power of jury or assessors to put questions. 167. No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence. THE SCHEDULE [Repealed.]

Section 22A Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 22A of the Indian Evidence Act 1872 is about ‘When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant’. It is under ‘ADMISSIONS’ of Chapter II of the Act. Chapter II is titled ‘OF THE RELEVANCY OF FACTS‘.

When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant

Oral admissions as to the contents of electronic records are not relevant, unless the genuineness of the electronic record produced is in question.

See also:

Section 22 Indian Evidence Act 1872 (When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant)

Section 23 Indian Evidence Act 1872 (Admissions in civil cases when relevant)

Section 22 Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 1-2 3. Interpretation-clause Section 4 5. Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts. 6. Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction 7. Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue 8. Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct 9. Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts 10. Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design 11. When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant 12. In suits for damages, facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant 13. Facts relevant when right or custom is in question 14. Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body, of bodily feeling 15. Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional 16. Existence of course of business when relevant 17. Admission defined 18. Admission 19. Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit 20. Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit 21. Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf 22. When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant 22A. When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant 23. Admissions in civil cases when relevant 24. Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding. 25. Confession to police-officer not to be proved 26. Confession by accused while in custody of Police not to be proved against him. 27. How much of information received from accused, may be proved 28. Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant. 29. Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc. 30. Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence. 31. Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop. 32. Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant. 33. Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth of facts therein stated 34. Entries in books of account when relevant. 35. Relevancy of entry in public record made in performance of duty. 36. Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans. 37. Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications. 38. Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law-books. 39. What evidence to be given when statement from part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers. 40. Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial. 41. Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction. 42. Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 41. 43. Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 40, 41 and 42, when relevant. 44. Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved. 45. Opinions of experts. 45A. Opinion of Examiner of Electronic Evidence 46. Facts hearing upon opinions of experts. 47. Opinion as to handwriting, when relevant. 47A. Opinion as to digital signature, when relevant 48. Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant. 49. Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant. 50. Opinion on relationship, when relevant. 51. Grounds of opinion, when relevant. 52. In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant. 53. In criminal cases previous good character relevant. 53A. Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases. 54. Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply. 55. Character as affecting damages 56. Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved. 57. Facts of which Court must take judicial notice. 58. Facts admitted need not be proved. 59. Proof of facts by oral evidence. 60. Oral evidence must be direct. 61. Proof of contents of documents. 62. Primary evidence. 63. Secondary evidence. 64. Proof of documents by primary evidence. 65. Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given 65A. Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record. 65B. Admissibility of electronic records. 66. Rules as to notice to produce. 67. Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced. 67A. Proof as to electronic signature. 68. Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested. 69. Proof where no attesting witness found. 70. Admission of execution by party to attested document 71. Proof when attesting witness denies the execution. 72. Proof of document not required by law to be attested. 73. Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved. 73A. Proof as to verification of digital signature. 74. Public documents. 75. Private documents. 76. Certified copies of public documents. 77. Proof of documents by production of certified copies. 78. Proof of other official documents. 79. Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies 80. Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence. 81. Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, private Acts of Parliament and other documents. 81A. Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic forms. 82. Presumption as to document admissible in England without proof of seal or signature. 83. Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government. 84. Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions. 85. Presumptions as to powers-of-attorney. 85A. Presumption as to electronic agreements. 85B. Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures. 85C. Presumption as to electronic signature certificates. 86. Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records. 87. Presumption as to books, maps and charts. 88. Presumption as to telegraphic messages. 88A. Presumption as to electronic messages. 89. Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced. 90. Presumption as to documents thirty years old 90A. Presumption as to electronic records five years old. 91. Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document. 92. Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement. 93. Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document. 94. Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts. 95. Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts. 96. Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons. 97. Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies. 98. Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc. 99. Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document. 100. Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills. 101. Burden of proof. 102. On whom burden of proof lies. 103. Burden of proof as to particular fact. 104. Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible 105. Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions. 106. Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge. 107. Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years. 108. Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years. 109. Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent. 110. Burden of proof as to ownership. 111. Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence. 111A. Presumption as to certain offences. 112. Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy. 113. Proof of cession of territory. 113A. Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman. 113B. Presumption as to dowry death. 114. Court may presume existence of certain facts. 114A. Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape 115. Estoppel. 116. Estoppel of tenants and of licensee of person in possession. 117. Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee. 118. Who may testify. 119. Witness unable to communicate verbally. 120. Parties to civil suit, and their wives or husbands. Husband or wife of person under criminal trial. 121. Judges and Magistrates. 122. Communications during marriage 123. Evidence as to affairs of State. 124. Official communications. 125. Information as to commission of offences. 126. Professional communications. 127. Section 126 to apply to interpreters, etc. 128. Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence 129. Confidential communications with legal advisers. 130. Production of title-deeds of witness not a party. 131. Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce. 132. Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate. 133. Accomplice. 134. Number of witnesses. 135. Order of production and examination of witnesses. 136. Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence. 137. Examination-in-chief. Cross-examination. Re-examination. 138. Order of examinations. Direction of re-examination. 139. Cross-examination of person called to produce a document. 140. Witnesses to character. 141. Leading questions. 142. When they must not be asked. 143. When they may be asked. 144. Evidence as to matters in writing 145. Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing 146. Questions lawful in cross-examination. 147. When witness to be compelled to answer. 148. Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer. 149. Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds. 150. Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds. 151. Indecent and scandalous questions. 152. Questions intended to insult or annoy. 153. Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity. 154. Question by party to his own witness. 155. Impeaching credit of witness. 156. Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible. 157. Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact. 158. What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 32 or 33. 159. Refreshing memory. 160. Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section159. 161. Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory. 162. Production of documents. Translation of documents. 163. Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice. 164. Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice 165. Judge’s power to put questions or order production. 166. Power of jury or assessors to put questions. 167. No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence. THE SCHEDULE [Repealed.]

Section 22 Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 22 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872 is about ‘When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant’. It is under ‘ADMISSIONS’ of Chapter II of the Act. Chapter II is titled ‘OF THE RELEVANCY OF FACTS‘.

When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant

Oral admissions as to the contents of a document are not relevant, unless and until the party proposing to prove them shows that he is entitled to give secondary evidence of the contents of such document under the rules hereinafter contained, or unless the genuineness of a document produced is in question.

See also:

Section 21 Indian Evidence Act 1872 (Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf)

Section 22A Indian Evidence Act 1872 (When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant)

Section 21 Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 1-2 3. Interpretation-clause Section 4 5. Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts. 6. Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction 7. Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue 8. Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct 9. Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts 10. Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design 11. When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant 12. In suits for damages, facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant 13. Facts relevant when right or custom is in question 14. Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body, of bodily feeling 15. Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional 16. Existence of course of business when relevant 17. Admission defined 18. Admission 19. Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit 20. Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit 21. Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf 22. When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant 22A. When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant 23. Admissions in civil cases when relevant 24. Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding. 25. Confession to police-officer not to be proved 26. Confession by accused while in custody of Police not to be proved against him. 27. How much of information received from accused, may be proved 28. Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant. 29. Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc. 30. Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence. 31. Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop. 32. Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant. 33. Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth of facts therein stated 34. Entries in books of account when relevant. 35. Relevancy of entry in public record made in performance of duty. 36. Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans. 37. Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications. 38. Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law-books. 39. What evidence to be given when statement from part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers. 40. Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial. 41. Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction. 42. Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 41. 43. Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 40, 41 and 42, when relevant. 44. Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved. 45. Opinions of experts. 45A. Opinion of Examiner of Electronic Evidence 46. Facts hearing upon opinions of experts. 47. Opinion as to handwriting, when relevant. 47A. Opinion as to digital signature, when relevant 48. Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant. 49. Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant. 50. Opinion on relationship, when relevant. 51. Grounds of opinion, when relevant. 52. In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant. 53. In criminal cases previous good character relevant. 53A. Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases. 54. Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply. 55. Character as affecting damages 56. Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved. 57. Facts of which Court must take judicial notice. 58. Facts admitted need not be proved. 59. Proof of facts by oral evidence. 60. Oral evidence must be direct. 61. Proof of contents of documents. 62. Primary evidence. 63. Secondary evidence. 64. Proof of documents by primary evidence. 65. Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given 65A. Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record. 65B. Admissibility of electronic records. 66. Rules as to notice to produce. 67. Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced. 67A. Proof as to electronic signature. 68. Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested. 69. Proof where no attesting witness found. 70. Admission of execution by party to attested document 71. Proof when attesting witness denies the execution. 72. Proof of document not required by law to be attested. 73. Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved. 73A. Proof as to verification of digital signature. 74. Public documents. 75. Private documents. 76. Certified copies of public documents. 77. Proof of documents by production of certified copies. 78. Proof of other official documents. 79. Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies 80. Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence. 81. Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, private Acts of Parliament and other documents. 81A. Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic forms. 82. Presumption as to document admissible in England without proof of seal or signature. 83. Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government. 84. Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions. 85. Presumptions as to powers-of-attorney. 85A. Presumption as to electronic agreements. 85B. Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures. 85C. Presumption as to electronic signature certificates. 86. Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records. 87. Presumption as to books, maps and charts. 88. Presumption as to telegraphic messages. 88A. Presumption as to electronic messages. 89. Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced. 90. Presumption as to documents thirty years old 90A. Presumption as to electronic records five years old. 91. Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document. 92. Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement. 93. Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document. 94. Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts. 95. Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts. 96. Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons. 97. Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies. 98. Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc. 99. Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document. 100. Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills. 101. Burden of proof. 102. On whom burden of proof lies. 103. Burden of proof as to particular fact. 104. Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible 105. Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions. 106. Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge. 107. Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years. 108. Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years. 109. Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent. 110. Burden of proof as to ownership. 111. Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence. 111A. Presumption as to certain offences. 112. Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy. 113. Proof of cession of territory. 113A. Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman. 113B. Presumption as to dowry death. 114. Court may presume existence of certain facts. 114A. Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape 115. Estoppel. 116. Estoppel of tenants and of licensee of person in possession. 117. Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee. 118. Who may testify. 119. Witness unable to communicate verbally. 120. Parties to civil suit, and their wives or husbands. Husband or wife of person under criminal trial. 121. Judges and Magistrates. 122. Communications during marriage 123. Evidence as to affairs of State. 124. Official communications. 125. Information as to commission of offences. 126. Professional communications. 127. Section 126 to apply to interpreters, etc. 128. Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence 129. Confidential communications with legal advisers. 130. Production of title-deeds of witness not a party. 131. Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce. 132. Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate. 133. Accomplice. 134. Number of witnesses. 135. Order of production and examination of witnesses. 136. Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence. 137. Examination-in-chief. Cross-examination. Re-examination. 138. Order of examinations. Direction of re-examination. 139. Cross-examination of person called to produce a document. 140. Witnesses to character. 141. Leading questions. 142. When they must not be asked. 143. When they may be asked. 144. Evidence as to matters in writing 145. Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing 146. Questions lawful in cross-examination. 147. When witness to be compelled to answer. 148. Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer. 149. Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds. 150. Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds. 151. Indecent and scandalous questions. 152. Questions intended to insult or annoy. 153. Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity. 154. Question by party to his own witness. 155. Impeaching credit of witness. 156. Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible. 157. Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact. 158. What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 32 or 33. 159. Refreshing memory. 160. Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section159. 161. Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory. 162. Production of documents. Translation of documents. 163. Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice. 164. Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice 165. Judge’s power to put questions or order production. 166. Power of jury or assessors to put questions. 167. No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence. THE SCHEDULE [Repealed.]

Section 21 Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 21 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872 is about ‘Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf’. It is under ‘ADMISSIONS’ of Chapter II of the Act. Chapter II is titled ‘OF THE RELEVANCY OF FACTS‘.

Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf

Admissions are relevant and may be proved as against the person who makes them or his representative in interest; but they cannot be proved by or on behalf of the person who makes them or by his representative in interest, except in the following cases: ––

(1) An admission may be proved by or on behalf of the person making it, when it is of such a nature that, if the person making it were dead, it would be relevant as between third persons under section 32.

(2) An admission may be proved by or on behalf of the person making it, when it consists of a statement of the existence of any state of mind or body, relevant or in issue, made at or about the time when such state of mind or body existed, and is accompanied by conduct rendering its falsehood improbable.

(3) An admission may be proved by or on behalf of the person making it, if it is relevant otherwise than as an admission.

Illustrations

(a) The question between A and B is whether a certain deed is or is not forged. A affirms that it is genuine, B that it is forged.

A may prove a statement by B that the deed is genuine, and B may prove a statement by A that deed is forged; but A cannot prove a statement by himself that the deed is genuine, nor can B prove a statement by himself that the deed is forged.

(b) A, the captain of a ship, is tried for casting her away.
Evidence is given to show that the ship was taken out of her proper course.
A produces a book kept by him in the ordinary course of his business showing observations alleged to have been taken by him from day to day, and indicating that the ship was not taken out of her proper course. A may prove these statements, because they would be admissible between third parties, if he were dead, under section 32, clause (2).

(c) A is accused of a crime committed by him at Calcutta.
He produces a letter written by himself and dated at Lahore on that day, and bearing the Lahore post-mark of that day.
The statement in the date of the letter is admissible, because, if A were dead, it would be admissible under section 32, clause (2).

(d) A is accused of receiving stolen goods knowing them to be stolen.
He offers to prove that he refused to sell them below their value.
A may prove these statements, though they are admissions, because they are explanatory of conduct influenced by facts in issue.

(e) A is accused of fraudulently having in his possession counterfeit coin which he knew to be counterfeit.
He offers to prove that he asked a skilful person to examine the coin as he doubted whether it was counterfeit or not, and that that person did examine it and told him it was genuine.
A may prove these facts for the reasons stated in the last preceding illustration.

See also:

Section 20 Indian Evidence Act 1872 (Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit)

Section 22 Indian Evidence Act 1872 (When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant)