Independent National Electoral Commission (Inec) Vs Hon Emeka Atuma (2013)
LAWGLOBAL HUB Lead Judgment Report
JOHN AFOLABI FABIYI. J.S.C.
This is an appeal against the judgment of the Court of Appeal, Abuja Division (the court below) delivered on 13th December, 2011. Therein, the appeal by the 1st respondent against the judgment of the Federal High Court (the trial court) delivered on 21st April, 2011 was allowed and the decision was ultimately set aside.
It is apt to state the relevant facts leading to this appeal which arose from a dispute between the 1st respondent on the one part and the 2nd and 3rd respondents on the other part, as to whether or not Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area was in Abia Central Senatorial District for the purpose of the 2011 general election for the said Senatorial District.
On 9th July, 2010, the 1st respondent wrote Exhibit EA1 to the appellant wherein he sought clarification on the Local Government Areas that comprised Abia Central Senatorial District. He received the appellant’s letter of clarification – Exhibit EA2 which disclosed the five (5) Local Government Areas as Ikwuano LGA, Isiala Ngwa North LGA, Isiala Ngwa South LGA, Umuahia North LGA and Umuahia South LGA.
The 1st respondent contended that the appellant established the National Advisory Committee on Delimitation of Constituencies in 2008 which submitted a report – Exhibit EA3 in July, 2009 and listed the above stated Local Government Areas in Abia Central Senatorial District. He maintained that though the committee considered a proposal to include Osisioma Local Government Area in Abia Central, the report of the Committee had not been approved.
Each of the 1st respondent and the 3rd respondent desired to represent the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) as the candidate for the Abia Central Senatorial District. At the primaries which was conducted on 8th January, 2011 the Local Government Area of Abia State of Nigeria can fall both into the Abia South Senatorial District and the Abia Central Senatorial District.
Whether by the delineation of Senatorial Districts in Abia State of Nigeria by the 1st defendant acting pursuant to sections 71 and 72 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 as amended, Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area of Abia State of Nigeria is part of the Abia Central Senatorial District.
Whether the 3rd defendant who at all material time is an indigene of and resident within Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area of Abia State of Nigeria within the Abia South Senatorial District can lawfully contest for the position of a Senator in the Abia Central Senatorial District of Abia State of Nigeria.”
The 1st respondent contended that if the answers to the above questions are in the negative, he is entitled to the following reliefs namely: –
“1.A declaration of this Honorable Court that pursuant to the delineation of Senatorial Districts in Abia State of Nigeria, by the 1st defendant, Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area of Abia State of Nigeria does not fall within the Abia Central Senatorial District.
A declaratory order of this Honourable Court that the 3rd defendant is ineligible to aspire to be sponsored by the 2nd defendant to contest the 2011 general elections to represent the Abia Central Senatorial District.
An order of this Honourable Court declaring as unconstitutional, null and void and of no legal effect whatsoever the nomination of the 3rd defendant by the 2nd defendant to run for and/or contest for the post of a Senator representing the Abia Central Senatorial District in the 2011 general elections to be conducted by the 1st defendant, based on false information/Senatorial District is comprised of six (6) and not five (5) Local Government Areas which included Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area. The appellant maintained that it never altered the composition of the Senatorial District, subsequent to exhibit INEC 1.
The 2nd respondent filed a counter affidavit and contended that the current state of the Nigeria Law did not impose the requirement that an aspirant for an office of Senator must be an indigene of the affected area.
The 3rd respondent filed a counter affidavit and contended that the 1st respondent’s Exhibit EA2 was a false document and that there was a need to subpoena the author to testify in the light of the contention of the appellant as well as the numerous electoral documents, to the effect that Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area was within Abia Central Senatorial District. The 3rd respondent annexed the following exhibits, viz:
1.Exhibit 3DA-ECSC which disclosed that Osisioma Ngwa Local Government was at all times material within Abia Central Senatorial District.
2.Exhibit 3DB-EC8D the summary of result, wherein she was elected Senator for Abia Central Senatorial District in 2007 which included Osisioma Local Government Area.
3.Exhibit 3DC- Letter of the Appellant to the effect that Osisioma Ngwa Local Government was within Abia Central Senatorial District.
The 3rd respondent further disclosed that Senator Bob Nwanunu was elected a Senator to represent Abia Central Senatorial District,with Osisioma Ngwa forming part of the Senatorial District in 1999; while Senator Chris Adighije was elected the Senator to represent Abia Central Senatorial District in 2003; with Osisioma Ngwa Local Government forming part of the Abia Central Senatorial District.
The 1st respondent filed a further counter affidavit wherein he refuted Exhibit INEC 1 and referred to page 418 which he claimed embodied a disclaimer. He also contended that Exhibit EA3 which was made subsequent to Exhibit INEC 1 should be preferred.
The trial judge identified two issues for determination. The first issue relates to the mode of commencing the action by Originating Summons and the propriety of same in the circumstances of the case. He found contradictions in all the contents of the documents put in by the parties and that same could only be resolved by oral evidence. He invoked the provision of Order 3 Rule 8 of the 2009 Rules of his court to decline to determine questions 1 and 2 as reproduced above in this judgment.
The learned trial judge identified issue 2 before him as follows:-
“Whether there is any provision of the Constitution — the Electoral Act or any other legislation which stipulates that a candidate for election into the office of Senator representing a Senatorial District must be resident in or an indigene of that district.”
In considering the 2nd issue, the trial judge, in holding that the 3rd respondent was not disqualified from contesting in Abia Central Senatorial District, stated as follows:-
“It is therefore my considered view that a citizen of Nigeria with the required qualifications as listed in section 65 (1) (supra) and is not disabled under section 66 of the Constitution can contest for membership of the Senate in any part of Nigeria provided he is accepted by the people–. If the framers of the Constitution intended that residency and/or indigeneship should be one of the yardsticks or qualifications for membership into the National Assembly, they should have included it under section 65 (1) as one of the qualifications but they did not.”
The learned trial judge then concluded that the claim of the 1st respondent had no merit and dismissed it. It seems as if the trial judge embarked upon what is referred to as the ‘line of least resistance’ to set a stage for an appeal to the court below. The 1st respondent, as expected, appealed to the court below which heard same and allowed it. In its real essence, the court below found as follows:-
1.The learned trial judge was wrong to have refused to answer questions 1 and 2 in the Originating Summons.
2.The court below invoked section 15 of the Court of Appeal Act to review the affidavit evidence and the documents tendered, and found that Exhibit INEC 1 contained a disclaimer and together with the conflict found in pages 418 and 419 of the record, was an unreliable document.
3.The court below found a conflict between1st respondent’s Exhibit EA2 on the one hand and 3rd respondent’s Exhibit 3DC. The court below examined Exhibits 3DA and 3DB, results in previous elections held at Abia Central Senatorial District and held that Exhibit EA2 had a ‘stronger and more superior probative value then 3rd respondent’s Exhibit 3DC read together with exhibits 3D A and 3DB’.
4.The court below then examined 3rd respondent’s Exhibit EA7-her nomination form and held that the 3rd respondent was domiciled at Ward 2 Osisioma Ngwa Local Government together with eleven (11) out of thirty-two (32) of her nominators which vitiated her nomination.
The court below ultimately allowed the appeal and held that the 3rd respondent was not a candidate de jure for the Senatorial Elections scheduled for 9th April, 2011. It also held that the 2nd respondent – PDP, had no candidate in law to be sponsored for the said election in Abia Central Senatorial District.
The appellant felt unhappy with the decision of the court below. It filed a Notice of Appeal on 17th January, 2012 in which it complained of seventeen (17) grounds of error in law and misdirection.
In this court, briefs of argument were filed and exchanged. On 21st February, 2013 when the appeal was heard, learned senior counsel for the appellant, 1st respondent and 2nd respondent made oral submissions to further prop their respective stand points.
The issues formulated on behalf of the appellant read as follows:-
“1.Was the Court of Appeal wrong to have entertained question one (1) of the questions for determination in the Originating Summons and to answer it in the negative when the question was an invitation to indulge in an academic exercise. GROUND 15.
2.Was the Court of Appeal wrong to have entertained question two (2) of the questions for -determination in the Originating Summons and to answer it in the negative, when there was no evidence that a delineation of boundaries was effected pursuant to sections 71 and 72 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999. GROUND 16.
Was the Court of Appeal wrong when in answer to question three (3) of the questions for determination in the Originating Summons, it held that the nomination of the 3rd respondent was void as the 3rd respondent and her nominators were not registered to vote in the Abia Central Senatorial District. GROUNDS 11, 12, 13 and 14.
5.Was the Court of Appeal wrong when it held that Exhibit INEC 1 was unreliable for the purpose of determining whether Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area is within Abia Central Senatorial District. GROUNDS 1 and 2.
6.Was the Court of Appeal wrong when it invoked section 15 of the Court of Appeal Act, 2009 and Order 19 Rule 11, Court of Appeal Rules 2011 and relied on Exhibit EA2 to hold that Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area was not in Abia Central Senatorial District of Abia State. GROUNDS 3, 4, 5,6 ,7,8,9 and 10.”
On behalf of the 1st respondent, five (5) similar issues were also crafted for determination. They read as follows:-
“(i)Whether question one of the questions for determination in the Originating Summons raised only an academic issue. Covers ground 15.
(ii)Whether the lower court was not right in its decision on question 2 on the Originating Summons having regard to the materials on record. Covers ground 16.
(iii) Whether having regards to all the circumstances of this case, including the provisions of sections 32 (1) and 37 of the Electoral Act, the lower court was not right in voiding the nomination of the 3rd respondent as a candidate for election to the Senate seat for Ahk-Central Senatorial District. Covers grounds 11, 12, 13 and 14.
(iv)Whether the lower court was not right in its evaluation of Exhibit INEC 1. Covers grounds 1 and 2.
(v)Whether having regard to the materials on record, this was an appropriate case for the lower court to invoke its jurisdiction under section 15 of the Court of Appeal Act in deciding the appeal before it. Covers grounds 3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 10.”
In treating the issues for determination, I wish to rely on the issues decoded on behalf of the appellant. The issues shall be treated by me in seriatim. Issue 1 reads as follows:-
“Was the Court of Appeal wrong to have entertained question one (1) of the questions for determination in the Originating Summons, and to answer it in the negative, when the question was an invitation to indulge in academic exercise.”
With respect to this issue, learned senior counsel for the appellant contended that question 1 as framed by the 1st respondent in the Originating Summons is purely hypothetical, academic and speculative. He maintained that the dispute is that whereas the 1st respondent contends that Osisioma Ngwa Local Government is in Abia South Senatorial District, the appellant and the 2nd and 3rd respondents on the other part are emphatic that Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area falls within Abia Central Senatorial District of Abia State. Senior counsel felt that since none of the parties contended that Osisioma Ngwa Local Government fell within two Senatorial Districts, the question whether by virtue of sections 71 and 72 of the Constitution, it can fall into two districts, does not relate to the dispute in the case as well as the reliefs sought by the 1st respondent at the trial court.
Senior counsel urged the court to hold that there was no live issue between the parties as to whether Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area fell within two Senatorial Districts and in that context, question 1 is simply hypothetical, academic and at best speculative. He cited the cases of Plateau State of Nigeria v. Attorney-General of the Federation (2006) 3 NWLR (Pt. 967) 346 at 419; Chief Olaflsoye v. F.R.N (2004) NWLR (Pt. 864) 580 at 654 -655; Olaoye v. Administrator Osun State (1996) 10 NWLR (Pt. 476) 38; Bamgboye v. University of llorin (1999) 10 NWLR (Pt. 622) 290; Morik v. Adamu (2001) 15 NWLR (Pt. 737) 666; Kentebe v. Isangedighi (2002) 8 NWLR (Pt. 768) 134; Adeogun v. Fashogbon (2008) 17 NWLR (Pt. 1115) 146 at 180 and Adepoju v. Yinka (2012) 3 NWLR (Pt. 1288) 567. Learned senior counsel finally urged that the question be struck out by the court.
=Learned senior counsel to the 1st respondent maintained that the suit is not hypothetical, academic or speculative. Senior counsel referred to the cases of Agbakoba v. INEC & Ors. (2008) 18 NWLR (Pt. 1119) 489 at 549; Inakoju v. Adeleke (2007) 4 NWLR (Pt. 1025) 1 and 7UP Bottling Co.v. Abiola v. Sons Ltd. (2001) 13 NWLR (Pt. 730) 469 at 495.
Senior counsel maintained that it was wrong for the appellant to isolate question one for attack and urged the court to dismiss the appellant’s issue one and the related ground of appeal No. 15.
There is no gain saying the point that where a question before the court is entirely academic or speculative, an appellate court in accordance with the well settled principle of this court will decline to decide the point. This is because academic and hypothetical issues or questions do not assist the court in the determination of the live issues in the matter. They are merely on frolic as they do not touch or affect material aspects in the adjudication process. They add nothing to the truth searching process in the administration of justice. They tend to lead to confusion as they do not relate to any relief. The court should not bother to entertain any issue that would amount to a mere academic discourse. See: Adeogun v. Fashogbon (supra) at page 180; Ndulue v. Ibezim (2002) 49 WRN 130 at 152 and Ojukwu v. YarAdua & Ors. (2009) 12 NWLR (Pt. 1154) 50 at 142.
Let me say it again that the 1st respondent contends that Osisioma Ngwa Local Government is in Abia South Senatorial District; whereas the appellant as well as the 2nd and 3rd respondents maintained that Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area falls within Abia Central Senatorial District.
It is clear that none of the parties contended that the appellant placed Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area in two Senatorial Districts as to infer the infringement of sections 71 and 72 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as amended), which read as follows :-
“71 Subject to the provision of section 72 of the Constitution, the Independent National Electoral Commission shall divide each state of the Federation into three senatorial districts for purposes of elections to the Senate. 72 No senatorial district shall fall within more than one State and the boundaries of each district – shall be as contiguous as possible and be such that the number of inhabitants thereof is as nearly equal to the population quota as is reasonably practicable.
“It is at this point again apt to quote for an adequate focus question 1 posed by the 1st respondent at the trial court. It reads as follows:-
“Whether by the combined provisions of sections 71 and 72 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 as amended,Osisioma Local Government Area of Abia State of Nigeria can fall both into the Abia South Senatorial District and the Abia Central Senatorial District.”
It is to be noted here that the 1st respondent’s relief 1 is for a declaration that pursuant to the delineation of Senatorial Districts in Abia State of Nigeria by the appellant, Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area of Abia State of Nigeria does not fall within the Abia Central Senatorial District. Relief 2 is for a declaratory Order that the 3rd defendant (3rd respondent herein) is ineligible to aspire to be sponsored by the 2nd defendant. Reliefs 3 and 4 are for the court to set aside the nomination of the 3rd respondent and for the 1st respondent to be declared the duly nominated candidate of the 2nd respondent.
A careful juxtaposition of the 1st respondent’s reliefs with his question one (1) for determination shows that the question is not remotely related to any of his reliefs as claimed at the trial court. As none of the parties contended that Osisioma Ngwa Local Government fell within two (2) Senatorial Districts, the question whether by virtue of sections 71 and 72 of the Constitution, it can fall into two districts does not relate to the dispute in the matter as well as the reliefs sought by the 1st respondent.
I strongly feel that question one (1) as posed, is clearly hypothetical, academic and speculative as it presents no live issue in the case. However, the 1st respondent should note that it is question one (1) and the issue thereon raised that sound academic and speculative; not the suit as a whole. In effect, question one (1) is hereby struck out.
Let me now move to issue 2 which reads as follows:-
“Whether the Court of Appeal was wrong to entertain question two (2) for determination and answer it in the negative when there was no evidence that a delineation of boundaries was effected pursuant to sections 71 and 72 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999,
The said question two (2) for determination reads as follows:-
“Whether by the delineation of Senatorial District in Abia State of Nigeria by the 1st Defendant acting pursuant to sections 71 and 72 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 as amended, Osisioma Local Government Area of Abia State of Nigeria, is part of the Abia Central Senatorial District.”
Arguing issue 2, senior counsel on behalf of the appellant submitted that the court below was wrong to have embarked on entertainment of question 2 in the absence of evidence of the delineation effected by the appellant, i pursuant to the amended Constitution. He opined that to succeed on his assertion, it was incumbent on the 1st respondent to produce evidence of delineation effected pursuant to the amended Constitution which formed the foundation on which question 2 was erected; and on which I the principal relief 1 was established as well.
Senior counsel maintained that the 1st respondent is bound to establish his entitlement to the case which he presented for determination and must supply the material facts and evidence on which the court will make a determination. He cited the cases of Dumez (Nig.) Ltd.v. Nwakhoba (2008) 18 NWLR (Pt. 1119) 361; Akaninwo v. Nsirim (2008) 9 NWLR (Pt. 1093) 439; Olubodun v. Lawal (2008) 17 NWLR (Pt. 1115) 1 at 37; Motunwase v. Sorungbe (1988) 5 NWLR (Pt. 92) 90; Udo v. C.R.S.N.C (2001) 14 NWLR (Pt.732) 116; Bello v. Eweka (1981) 1 SC 101; Ogunjumo v. Ademolu (1995) 4 NWLR (Pt. 389) 254.
Senior counsel further submitted that a court of law must base its determination on the case as presented by the plaintiff and should not deviate therefrom. He cited the cases of Ojo-Osagie v. Adonri (1994) 6 NWLR (Pt. 349) 131 at 154; George v. Dominion Flour Mills Ltd. (1963) 1 NWLR (Pt. 99) 514; Ogunlowo v. Ogundare (1993) 7 NWLR (Pt. 307) 610 at 624; Okwejiminor v. Gbakeji (2008) 5 NWLR (Pt. 1079) 172.
Senior counsel urged the court to hold that question 2 was not founded on any evidence and ought not to have been entertained. He felt that the 1st respondent must succeed on the strength of his own case; not by reference to the case of the defendants.
On behalf of the 1st respondent senior counsel maintained that the line of arguments manifested under the appellant’s issue two is completely new. He maintained that it was not the case of the appellant in the trial court that for question two, the 1st respondent must produce proof of delineation done after the 2010 amendments to the 1999 Constitution. He maintained that parties must be consistent in the way they state their cases through the hierarchy of the courts. He referred Attorney-General Anambra State v. Onuselogu (1987) 3 NWLR (Pt. 66) 547 at 564 and urged the court to strike out this issue on the ground of incompetence.
In the alternative, senior counsel pointed it out that it is a matter of common knowledge that since 1999, general elections have been held into the Senate of the National Assembly based on the division of each State of the Federation into three Senatorial Districts by INEC. He felt that as a result, INEC issued Exhibit EA2 to the 1st respondent on demand vide Exhibit EA1. He maintained that question 2 does not require proof by the 1st respondent that delineation of Senatorial Districts was done in Abia State pursuant to the 2010 amendments to the 1999 Constitution. He urged that issue 2 should be dismissed along with the corresponding ground of appeal No. 16 for lack of merit.
It has been stated earlier on in this judgment that the trial court declined to determine question No. 2 posed by the 1st respondent for determination. It was the court below7 which considered and determined same by virtue of its powers under section 15 of the Court of Appeal Act, 2004. I cannot see the rationale for trying to challenge the appellant’s right to raise issue 2 as stated above which is whether the court below was wrong to entertain it and rendered an answer in the negative when there was no evidence on delineation. With respect, I should point it out that the argument touching on consistency in prosecuting cases through the courts is not apt here. I feel issue 2 under consideration is competent.
It was the 1st respondent who posed question 2 for determination. He must stand or fall by the determination of his poser. The main relief which is his relief 1 is declaratory by nature and purport. It is for him to establish his claim on the strength of his case. He cannot rely on the weakness of the opponent’s case. See: Nwokidu v. Okanu 2010) 3 NWLR (Pt.1181) 362: Dantata v. Mohammed (2000) 7 NWLR (Pt. 664) 176; Ekundayo v. Baruwa (1965) 2 NLR 211; Ali Ucha v. Martins Elechi (2012) MRSCJ Vol. 79 at 104 and Dumez Nig. Ltd. v. Nwakhoba (2008) 18 NWLR (Pt.1119) 361 at 373-374.
It has been stated in clear terms that the burden of proof on the plaintiff in establishing declaratory reliefs to the satisfaction of the court is quite heavy in the sense that such declaratory reliefs are not granted even on admission by the defendant where the plaintiff fails to establish his entitlement to the declaration by his own evidence. A court does not grant declaration of right either in default or on admission without taking evidence and being satisfied that the evidence led is credible. See: Mogo v. Mbamali & Anr.(1980) 3-4 sc 31; Motunwase v. Sorungbe (supra); Bello v. Eweka (supra); and Olubodun v. Lawal (supra) at page 37.
A clear reading of question two (2) posed by the 1st respondent shows that the case is founded on the basis that a particular delineation was made by the appellant pursuant to the amended 1999 Constitution. The court must base it’s determination on the case as presented and must not deviate therefrom. A court should not make a case different from the one made by the parties. No evidence was offered upon which the question can be answered. It cannot be rightly inferred that a delineation was made by reference to the defence of the defendants. The 1st respondent failed to provide evidence of his alleged delimitation upon which question 2 and his relief 1 are foisted, to establish his case. Since question 2 was not founded on any material evidence, it ought not to have been entertained and determined by the court below. In short, the issue is resolved in favour of the appellant. I move to issue 3 which reads as follows:-
“Was the Court of Appeal wrong when in answer to question three (3) of the questions for determination in the Originating Summons, it held that the nomination of the 3rd respondent was void as the 3rd respondent and her nominators, were not registered to vote in Abia Central Senatorial District. Grounds 11, 12, 13 and 14.”
As a follow up, it is apt to reproduce question 3 which was put up by the 1st respondent for determination. It reads as follows :-
“Whether the 3rd defendant who at all material time is an indigene of and resident within Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area of Abia State of Nigeria within the Abia South Senatorial District can lawfully contest for the position of a Senator in the Abia Central Senatorial District of Abia State of Nigeria.”
Arguing issue 3, learned senior counsel for the appellant observed that the question on which determination was sought is founded on two points-whether 3rd respondent was an indigene of Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area and whether she was resident within the said Local Government Area.
Senior counsel contended that the determination of the court below completely ignored the question submitted for determination and amounted to making out a case different from that which the 1st respondent presented. Further, he maintained that based on the state of the law, whether or not the 3rd respondent was an indigene of Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area or resident thereat, are not qualifying factors for her candidacy.
Senior counsel maintained that from a serene appreciation of question 3, there is absolutely nothing therein which alludes to validity of the nomination paper filed by the 3rd respondent. He felt that the court will not be entitled, like a knight errand to proceed to examine all disqualifying factors for an office against the facts of the case, unless the plaintiff had specifically put same in issue. He maintained that the question posed did not call for any consideration as to whether the 3rd respondent was a registered voter in Abia Central Senatorial District. It also did not call for determination of whether her nominators were registered to vote within the Senatorial District.
Senior counsel asserted that the court had no business remoulding the case presented for determination by the parties and embarking upon a voyage of discoveries aimed at mercilessly scrutinizing and devastating the position of the 3rd respondent or the appellant, who had honoured the nomination presented by the 2nd respondent. He felt that it will amount to an abandonment of the sacred, enviable and exhalted position reserved for the arbiter, for the adjudicator to alter the question presented before him at the stage of writing a judgment and then make pronouncement on it. He maintained that same is a deprivation of the basic principle and benefit of fair hearing. He cited Iwuoha v. NIPOST Ltd. (2003) 8 NWLR (Pt. 822) 308 at 324; State v. Oladimeji (2003) 14 NWLR (Pt. 839) 57 at 74; Commissioner for Works, Benue State & Anr v. Devcon Development Consultants Ltd. & Anr (1988) 3 NWLR (Pt. 83) 407, ACB Ltd. v. Attorney-General Northern Nigeria (1967) NMLR 231; Oje v. Babalola (1991) 4 NWLR (Pt. 185) 267 at 286; Saude v. Abdullahi (1989) 4 NWLR (Pt.115) 387 and Ebba v. Ogodo (1984) 4 SC 84 at 112 to buttress his stand point.
Senior counsel maintained that the court below was fully resolved that question 3 did not involve the matter on which the decision turned and same is manifest on pages 789-790 of the Record where the court held thus:-
“The appellant seems to have in mind section 31(6) of the Electoral Act 2010 as amend, in urging the nomination of the 3rd respondent as the PDP candidate for the election to the post of Senator representing Abia Central Senatorial District to be declared unconstitutional, null and void and of no legal effect whatsoever on the ground that the false information/declaration she made and submitted to the 2nd respondent, the PDP—.”
Senior counsel maintained that the court, with respect, exceeded the scope of its authority by delving into the matter and ascertaining what the 1st respondent ‘had in mind’. He felt that the mind of the 1st respondent which is not expressed in any of the questions submitted for determination is immaterial to the adjudication of the matter presented. He asserted that the appellant is handicapped in the matter of ascertaining die mind of an opponent, for besides its lack of the power of clairvoyance, it must by operation of law join issues only on the pleaded case of the 1st respondent that was served on it. He further submitted that the courts are bound to decide the case on the presentation of the parties. He cited the cases of Ekpenong v. Nyong (1975) 2 SC 71; and Government Gongola State v. Tukur (1989) 4 NWLR (Pt. 117) 592.
Senior counsel maintained that for the purpose of the appeal there was no live issue on the two points forming the basis of question 3. He opined that the court below embarked on a rather tenuous exercise of redrafting both question 3 as presented for determination of the court as well as reliefs 3 & 4 which, not being proved, ought to have been dismissed. He felt the court below made it worse, when it gratuitously held that the 2nd respondent had no candidate for the election when none of the parties presented that case before it. He maintained that the court is bereft of the vires to grant that which the plaintiff did not seek in the case. He again referred to Ekpenong v. Nyong (supra).
Senior counsel finally urged the court to set aside the determination made by the court below as to the nullity of the nomination of the 3rd respondent, being founded on question and relief extraneous to the questions for determination, as well as the reliefs sought by the 1st respondent in the Originating Summons.
On behalf of the 1st respondent, senior counsel observed that under this issue, the complaint of the appellant relates to the effect given to section 32 (1) of the Electoral Act, 2010 by the lower court.He maintained that by the 1st respondent’s notice of appeal before the lower court, he complained against the refusal of the trial court to determine questions 1 and 2 and reliefs based thereon and its decision dismissing his case based solely on a resolution of question 3. He asserted that from the particulars in support of the grounds of appeal, it is clear that the validity of the nomination of the 3r respondent to contest the election as a candidate for Abia Central Senatorial District was the central issue in dispute in the case. He maintained that parties argued same before the lower court and that it is idle to now argue backwards that the issue of the validity of the nomination of the 3rd respondent was not before the lower court. He submitted that the point was properly raised and correctly decided by the court below. He urged that the appellant’s issue 3 should be dismissed along with the grounds relating to it.
I wish to say it right away that question 3 on which determination was sought is founded on two points-whether the 3rd respondent was an indigene of Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area and whether she is resident within the said Local Government Area. Based on the state of our law, the two points are not disqualifying factors for her candidacy.
Senior counsel for the 1st respondent maintained that the validity of the nomination of the 3rd respondent to contest the election as a candidate was made a ground of appeal before the court below and was hotly contested thereat. This sounds curious as the validity of the nomination of the 3rd respondent is not remotely raised in question 3 for determination before the trial court. The court below should not have allowed it to come in through back door; as it were. It was brought in by the court below when in its judgment, it said ‘the appellant seems to have in mind section 31(6) of the Electoral Act, 2010, as amended in urging the nomination of the 3rd respondent as the PDP candidate for the election to the post of Senator representing Abia Central Senatorial District to be declared unconstitutional, null and void and of no legal effect—.”
This court will continue to pronounce it that the constitutional function of a court of record is well circumscribed and defined. It is simply an arbiter. It is for the parties to present their case and it is for the court to decide the matter as presented by them. See: Iwuoha v. NIP0ST Ltd. (supra) at page 32; The State v. Oladimeji (supra) at page 74; Ebb a v. Ogodo (supra) at page 112.
It was not the business of the court below to proceed ‘like a knight errand’ to examine disqualifying factors for the office of Senator which were not specifically raised in the question for determination. The issues the 1st respondent ‘had in mind’ which were not embedded in question 3 for determination are immaterial as the appellant which lacked the power of clairvoyance’ must only by operation of law, join issues upon the pleaded case of the 1st respondent served on it.
To make the matter worse, the court below dished out orders which were not prayed for by the parties. It made orders that the 2nd respondent had no candidate and the 3rd respondent was not qualified to contest. A court should not make unsolicited orders or grant prayers not sought by the parties. This is because the court is not a charitable organisation. See: Ekpenyong v. Nyong (supra). Courts are bound to decide the case of the parties, based on their presentation. See: Government Gongola State v. Tukur (supra). The complaints of the appellant were well taken; no doubt.
I feel I have said enough on this issue. It is hereby resolved in favour of the appellant.
I now move to issue 4 which reads as follows :-
“Was the Court of Appeal wrong when it held that Exhibit INEC 1 was unreliable for the purpose of determining whether Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area is within Abia Central Senatorial District. Grounds 1 and 2.”
On behalf of the appellant, senior counsel contended that the court below was wrong when it condemned Exhibit INEC 1 which was the best evidence presented in the case, made at a time when the case was not anticipated between the parties. He maintained that it was not made for the purpose of trapping any of the parties into a corner so as to found a cause of action on a slip, inadvertence or any other type of lapse. He maintained that the said exhibit was the only authentic document emanating from the appellant which embodied the Electoral Constituencies in Nigeria. It is titled the Nigeria Atlas of Electoral Constituencies and was published by the appellant in 2008, four (4) years before the dispute arose.
Senior counsel maintained that the initial reason why the court below found Exhibit INEC 1 unworthy of probative value and unreliable was that it contained a disclaimer. He maintained that there is no place where Exhibit INEC1 was expressed to be unreliable. He felt that the term cannot be found on it and cannot rightly be inferred by the appearance of the term ‘disclaimer’ on it, He opined that rather than embarking on mere definition of the term ‘disclaimer’, the more appropriate venture ought to be to understand and appreciate the term in the context in which it appeared on the document. He observed that the appearance of a disclaimer on a document is not as important as what was expressed to be disclaimed. A disclaimer limits the scope and operation of the document for the express purpose tied to the disclaimer. In this context, senior counsel felt that the limitation of the operation of Exhibit INEC 1 was clearly expressed to be, that the document should not be used by persons in order to foster ‘boundary and political claims’. He submitted, with respect, that the court below erred when it circumscribed the import of the terms ‘boundary’ or ‘political’ as boundary or political disputes or claims are clearly not electoral matters.
Senior counsel felt that there was no disclaimer with respect to any function assigned to INEC and it cannot be justifiably read as such. He maintained that the primary function assigned to INEC as contained in section 11 (a) of the Constitution is to ‘divide such State of the Federation into three Senatorial Districts for purposes of elections to the Senate’. Thus, Exhibit INEC 1 serves no other purpose, other than for election. Senior counsel felt that it is from this perspective that the disclaimer must be viewed and understood. He asserted that to do otherwise will introduce an unnecessary and unanticipated distortion into a serene situation. He submitted that it is this distortion and undue adherence to definition of the term ‘disclaimer’ without applying it to the context-in which it was used, that robbed the court below the benefit of the authentic documentary evidence available to it. He observed that the Exhibit was produced long before the dispute arose and did not just embody the situation in Abia State but all the States of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. He further observed with respect, that this error grossly devastated the case of the appellant as the court below regarded the document as
totally bereft of any credibility, having by itself ‘supplied a self inflicted malady’.
Senior counsel observed that the decision of this court in Attorney-General Oyo State v. Fairlakes Hotel (No. 2) (1989) NWLR (Pt. 121) 5 relied on by the court below is most inapplicable in the context it was used. He maintained that it was the rather fleeting conclusion that Exhibit INEC 1 expressed its unreliability which dictated the pace for the other defect which the court below claimed to exist. That defect, according to the senior counsel, was the presumed inconsistency between pages 418 and 419 of the record. He contended that no such conflict exists as the map on page 418 which was limited by space, still had Osisioma within Abia Central Senatorial District. Page 419 of the record contains a tabulation of the Local Government Areas in the respective Senatorial Districts.
Senior counsel urged the court to hold that Exhibit INEC 1 is not unreliable as there is no disclaimer on the basis for which the document was produced. He felt that rather than present a conflict, page 419 puts the matter beyond the shadow of doubt that Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area is in Abia Central Senatorial District.
On behalf of the 1st respondent, senior counsel maintained that the quarrel of the appellant in issue 4 has to do with the conclusion of the court below on Exhibit INEC
1.He observed that the court below considered the disclaimer in Exhibit INEC 1 and based upon the definition of the term-disclaimer and the decision of this court in Attorney-General Oyo State v. Fairlakes Hotels (No. 2) supra, it held that a disclaimer in a document robs the document of any probative value.
Senior counsel maintained that the appellant is not saying that the disclaimer does not exist in the exhibit. Rather, it tries to explain that the disclaimer was necessitated by ‘honesty and need to ensure that its documents are not invidiously used to propagate boundary disputes’ or boundary claims by any community. He maintained that the contents of a document cannot be contradicted, altered, added to or varied by oral evidence. He cited Agbakoba v. INEC (2008) 18 NWLR (Pt. 1119) 489 at 539.
Senior counsel further submitted that the appellant did not take account of limitations imposed on giving of evidence to explain the purpose of the disclaimer in Exhibit INEC 1. He maintained that the brief of argument is not the place to give evidence but only to make legal submissions based on evidence on record.
Senior counsel maintained that there is visible conflict between pages 418 and 419 of Exhibit INEC 1. He maintained that at page 418, Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area appears in Abia South Senatorial District while at page 419; it is listed with Abia Central Senatorial District. He submitted that the court should give a document the ordinary meaning to be gathered from the words used. He referred to Ammasha-ru v. Osuma & Ors. (1972) SC 363 at 372-373.
Senior counsel finally urged the court to dismiss the appellant’s issue 4 along with the related grounds of appeal numbers 1 and 2.
In respect of the term ‘disclaimer’ which generated a lot of heat on both sides; the initial reason assigned by the court below was that:-
“In Exhibit INEC 1 there is a disclaimer at page 400 of the record to the effect that the document is unreliable in that:-
The map and other contents of this ATLAS should not be referred to as legal or administrative documents for the purpose of boundary and political claim—.”
Let me state it right away that I cannot see in Exhibit INEC 1 where it was expressed to be unreliable. The term cannot be rightly inferred by the appearance of ‘disclaimer’ on it. I agree with the senior counsel for the appellant that rather than embarking on mere definition of the term ‘disclaimer’, the more appropriate venture by the court below ought to be to understand and appreciate the term in which it appeared on the document. The appearance of a disclaimer on a document is not as important as what was expressed to be disclaimed. It is not the case that a disclaimer destroys out rightly the document on which it appears. A more correct approach is that it limits the scope and operation of the document, for the express purpose tied to the disclaimer.
In the above context, the limitation of Exhibit INEC 1 was expressed to be that the document should not be used by persons in order to foster ‘boundary and political claims’ which are not functions assigned to INEC under section 153 of the 1999 Constitution and item 15 of part 1 of the Third Schedule to same. There was no disclaimer with respect to any function assigned to the appellant and the disclaimer cannot be justifiably read as such. The primary function of INEC as disclosed in section 71 (a) of the Constitution is to ‘divide each State of the Federation into three Senatorial Districts for purpose of elections to the Senate; subject to the provisions of section 72 of the Constitution.
It is clear to me that in the circumstance of the position of things as depicted above, Exhibit INEC 1 serves no other purpose, other than for election. In other words, the document cannot be employed by litigious communities or individuals for boundary or political claims. This is the perspective from which the document should be viewed. To do otherwise ‘will introduce an unnecessary and unanticipated distortion into a serene situation.’
There is still more to be said on this point. The court below relied on the decision of this court in Attorney-General Oyo State v. Fairlakes Hotel (No. 2) supra. In that case, the issue before the court involved proof of loss of profit. Exhibit B which embodied an estimate of loss, was tendered, in proof of the loss of profit. The same Exhibit B categorically stated that the authors did not warrant that the estimate could be attained. In other words, Exhibit B defeated the purpose for which it was tendered, since it stated that the projected profit, on which the case was based, could not be attained.
In this case at hand, there is no disclaimer concerning the accuracy of the composition of the Senatorial Districts contained in the document. All that INEC did was to alert the public that its document was for election purposes only.
I am at one with senior counsel for the appellant that it was the undue distortion and undeserved adherence to definition of the term ‘disclaimer’ without applying it to the context in which it was used, as well as the wrong reliance placed on the above stated authority that robbed the court below of the authentic document available to it. After all, the document was produced in 2008, long before the dispute arose. It did not just embody the situation in Abia State but in all the States of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The error grossly devastated the case of the appellant as the court below wrongly regarded the document as being unreliable.
The court below then looked at Exhibit INEC 1 after expressing its unreliability and found inconsistency between pages 418 and 419 of the record. Page 418 relates to the map of Abia State Senatorial Districts while page 419 contains the tabulation of Local Government Areas in the Senatorial Districts along with other facts like polling unit numbers and population. Documentary evidence as contained on page 418 and 419 of the records do not require any oral evidence in appraising same. On page 418, Osisioma, the headquarters of the Local Government is clearly within Abia Central Senatorial District. Page 419 contains a tabulation of the Local Government Areas in the respective Senatorial Districts along with polling units in each Local Government. Osisioma Ngwa Local Government is in Abia central Senatorial District. Since Exhibit INEC 1 came into existence in 2008, four years before the case commenced, it should be appreciated that the furore generated to impugn Exhibit INEC 1 is not really deserving it; after all.
This issue is also resolved in favour of the appellant, as well. I now finally move to issue 5 which reads as follows:-
“Was the Court of Appeal wrong when it invoked section 15 of the Court of Appeal Act, 2009 and Order 19 Rule 11 Court of Appeal Rules 2011 and relied on Exhibit EA2 to hold that Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area was not in Abia Central Senatorial District of Abia State Grounds. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10”
Arguing the issue, senior counsel to the appellant submitted that in a proper case, the court below reserves the right to invoke the provision of section 15 of the Court of Appeal Act, 2009 as well as Order 19 Rule 11 of the Court of Appeal Rules. But in so doing, the court below should comply with the dictates of section 36 of the Constitution relating to right to hearing.
Senior counsel observed that it was instructive that the court below found a conflict between 1st respondent’s Exhibit EA2 and 3rd respondent’s Exhibit 3DC. He felt that it was a welcome development mat me court considered Exhibit 3DA and 3DB as documents produced to break that tie asserted that the initial problem was that the most crucial evidence which was Exhibit INEC 1 was totally ignored by the court below. The denigration of the document, according to senior counsel, led to all other errors. He observed that both Exhibits EA2 and 3DC were letters produced at the heat of the moment when conflict had arisen unlike Exhibit INEC 1. He opined that there was nothing sacrosanct about Exhibit EA2, the letter of Administrative Secretary who, if he had consulted Exhibit INEC 1 to which he was bound, could not deviate from it.
Senior counsel observed that Exhibits 3DA and 3DB are evidence of National and not State elections and they represent the status quo ante helium. He asserted that Exhibits 3DA and 3DB conclusively established the course of dealings m previous elections. He observed that no document was produced by the 1st respondent to counter these Exhibits or show that from previous elections, results from Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area have been computed under Abia South Senatorial District. He felt that it is surprising how Exhibit EA2 can attain such a magical status above Exhibits INEC 1, 3DA, 3DB and 3DC.
Senior counsel felt that it was wrong for the court below to say that the appellant did not disown Exhibit EA2. He asserted that the content of Exhibit EA2 was disowned by Exhibits INEC 1, 3DA 3DB and 3DC. He opined that the court below appeared to have taken into consideration, matters it should not have, in denigrating the most vital documents placed before it. Those documents, according to senior counsel, were in existence years before the dispute arose. He felt that me court below preferred a document produced at the time the proceedings were anticipated which essentially amounted to an entrapment of the appellant. He opined that this led to the unfortunate journey to the Supreme Court. He urged that the legitimate documents of the appellant should be honoured.
On behalf of the1st respondent, senior counsel submitted that the court below painstakingly considered the effect of Exhibits EA2, 3DC, 3DA, 3DB, EA6, EA7 and EA9. He felt that the court below was right when it found that Exhibit EA2 has stronger and more probative value than the 3rd respondent’s Exhibits 3DC, 3DA and 3DB and that Exhibit INEC 1, has no probative value.
Senior counsel maintained that the attempt made to disown Exhibit EA2 is very feeble. He maintained that there should have been proper evidence in the trial court to disown Exhibit EA2, He observed that the appellant owned up the authorship of Exhibit EA2, thus upholding its authenticity.
Senior counsel urged the court to dismiss the appellant’s issue 5 and its related grounds of appeal.
Let me start by observing that since the reliefs claimed are basically declaratory in their purport and intendment, the court was bound to exercise its discretion in the matter judicially and judiciously as well. This is as pronounced by this court in University of Lagos v. Olaniyan (1985) INEC (Pt.1) 98 at 113; Eronini v. Iheuko (1989) 2 N.S.C.C. (Pt. 1) 503 at 513; (1989) 3 SC (Ft. 1) 30.
I need to further point out another relevant guiding principle that a court should keep in view in tackling this type of matter herein, which has been closely contested on behalf of the parties. It is that the court should carefully weigh evidence with productive value on an imaginary scale to see the side where the pendulum swings. This is as pronounced by this court in Mogaji v. Odofin (1978) 4 SC 91 at 93 Bello v. Eweka (1981) 1 SC 101; to mention just a few.
Earlier in this judgment when treating issue 4, I pronounced that the court below erred when it found that Exhibit INEC 3 was unreliable and has no probative value. So, under this issue 5, the documents to be considered are Exhibit EA2, heavily relied on by the 1st respondent and Exhibits INEC 1, 3DA, 3DB and 3DC which were relied upon by the appellant and the 3rd respondent.
Exhibit EA2 was procured by the 1st respondent from the appellant at a time when proceedings were anticipated. It did not include Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area
as part of Abia central Senatorial District. Exhibit INEC 1- the Atlas of Electoral Constituencies in Nigeria was made in 2008, four years before the dispute arose. It was not made to entrap any of the parties; as it were. It shows that the said Local Government is part of Abia central Senatorial District. Exhibits 3DA and 3DB contain results J of previous elections held in the Abia central Senatorial District Results of votes cast in the exhibits include those of Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area. Same conclusively established the course of dealings in the previous elections. The contents of Exhibit EA2 was clearly disowned by the contents of Exhibits INEC 1, 3DA, 3DB and 3DC respectively. There is no way by which the content of Exhibit EA2 can have such magical powers to demolish or obliterate the contents of Exhibits INEC 1, 3DA, 3DB and 3DC with the scenario above, as established.
If the evidence on both sides is viewed with due discretion judicially and judiciously as well, that of the appellant, the 2nd and 3rd respondents should outweigh the evidence of the 1st respondent. No doubt, the court below erred to have found other wise.
This issue is also resolved in favour of the appellant and against the 1st respondent without any shred of equivocation.
I come to the final conclusion that the appeal is meritorious. It is hereby allowed. The judgment of the court below is hereby set aside. The trial court stumbled to arrive at a correct decision and same is hereby restored. The 1st respondent shall pay =N=100,000 costs to the appellant.
SC.56/2012