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Article 12 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by signature The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is expressed by the signature of its representative when: (a) the treaty provides that signature shall have that effect; (b) it is otherwise established that…
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Article 11 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Means of expressing consent to be bound by a treaty The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty may be expressed by signature, exchange of instruments constituting a treaty, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, or by any other means if so agreed. See…
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Article 10 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Authentication of the text The text of a treaty is established as authentic and definitive: (a) by such procedure as may be provided for in the text or agreed upon by the States participating in its drawing up; or (b) failing such procedure, by the signature,…
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Article 9 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Adoption of the text 1. The adoption of the text of a treaty takes place by the consent of all the States participating in its drawing up except as provided in paragraph 2. 2. The adoption of the text of a treaty at an international conference…
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Article 8 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Subsequent confirmation of an act performed without authorization An act relating to the conclusion of a treaty performed by a person who cannot be considered under article 7 as authorized to represent a State for that purpose is without legal effect unless afterwards confirmed by that…
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Article 7 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Full powers 1. A person is considered as representing a State for the purpose of adopting or authenticating the text of a treaty or for the purpose of expressing the consent of the State to be bound by a treaty if: (a) he produces appropriate full…
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Article 6 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Capacity of States to conclude treaties Every State possesses capacity to conclude treaties. See also: Article 5 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
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Article 5 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Treaties constituting international organizations and treaties adopted within an international organization The present Convention applies to any treaty which is the constituent instrument of an international organization and to any treaty adopted within an international organization without prejudice to any relevant rules of the organization. See…
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Article 4 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Non-retroactivity of the present Convention Without prejudice to the application of any rules set forth in the present Convention to which treaties would be subject under international law independently of the Convention, the Convention applies only to treaties which are concluded by States after the entry…
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Article 3 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties International agreements not within the scope of the present Convention The fact that the present Convention does not apply to international agreements concluded between States and other subjects of international law or between such other subjects of international law, or to international agreements not in written…